Cardiovascular/ Lymphatic/ Immunity

Front 1

Trabeculae carnae are features of ...

Back 1

Both ventricles

Front 2

Before birth, blood from the right atrium passes to the left atrium via the

Back 2

Foramen ovale

Front 3

Parasympathetic nerves to the heart travel with which cranial nerve?

Back 3

Vagus Nerve

Front 4

The crista terminalis and pectinate muscle are features of

Back 4

The right atrium

Front 5

The middle layer of the heart wall is the

Back 5

Myocardium

Front 6

Coronary arteries are branches of the

Back 6

Ascending aorta

Front 7

What is secreted by the adrenal cortex so that salt & water can be retained in the body?

Back 7

Aldosterone

Front 8

Pulmonary circulation

Back 8

1)r.ventricle
2)pulm. artery(r/l)<lungs>
3)pulm. veins (4)
4)lf atrium

Front 9

Systemic Circulation

Back 9

1)lf ventricle
2)aorta(head,neck,trunk,limbs)internal organs
3)IVC & SVC
4)rt atrium

Front 10

Artery

Back 10

carries blood away from heart
1)thick wall
2)high pressure
3)no valves

Front 11

Veins

Back 11

carries blood towards heart
1)thin wall
2)low pressure
3)no valves above heart level except gi venous system
4)valves below heart level except portal system

Front 12

Capillary

Back 12

smallest bv
1)walls have holes for exchange
2)low pressure
3)gas,nutrients,hormones,electrolytes,fluids

Front 13

Body priority

Back 13

1)digestive system
2)brain

Front 14

The volume of blood in adult circulation is about

Back 14

6 liters

Front 15

The heart pumps about ___ of blood per minute (resting)

Back 15

5 liters

Front 16

At any given time the majority of blood stay in

Back 16

the vein

Front 17

Blood pressure

Back 17

bp=p@systole/p@ diastole
bp=p@vent cont/p@vent relax
bp=120mmHg/80
p=force/cm2

Front 18

Blood flow

Back 18

volume of blood flowing thru a vessel

Front 19

Resistance

Back 19

opposition to flow & is a measure of the amount of friction blood encounters as it passes thru vessels

Front 20

Pressure gradient

Back 20

blood flows from high pressure to low pressure

Front 21

Pressure,resistance, flow relations

Back 21

1. bp high=bf high
2. bp low=bf low
3. r high= bf low

Front 22

Laminar flow vs. turbulent flow

Back 22

Laminar flow
1) smooth,straight,silent
Turbulent flow
1) spiral,noisy (vascular bruit),related to aneurysm

Front 23

Murmur

Back 23

Cadiac abnormal sound

Front 24

r/l coronary arteries

Back 24

branches of ascending aorta. related to ischemia,angina pectoris

Front 25

coronary sinus

Back 25

receives blood from all veins except 2 ant.cardiac veins. empties blood to right atrium.

Front 26

r/l auricles

Back 26

connected to atrium, pouch shaped.

Front 27

great vessels of the heart

Back 27

1)svc & ivc (to right atrium)
2)pulm.trunk (from r vent)
3)ascending aorta (from l vent)

Front 28

right atrium

Back 28

1)seperated from l.atrium by interatrial septum.
2)formen ovale- b goes from r.atrium to l.atrium (before birth)
3)foramen ovalis-pulm.circ

Front 29

right ventricle

Back 29

1)seperates r.atrium by tricuspid valve (av valve).
2)attached to chordae tendinae attached to papillary muscle
3)seperated by l.vent by interventricular septum (has bundle of his)

Front 30

left atrium

Back 30

1)seperated from left ventricle by mitral valve (av)

Front 31

left ventricle

Back 31

1) contains myocardial layer
2)trabeculae carnae

Front 32

intrinsic nerve supply

Back 32

1)regulates heart rate, cardiac rhythm & cardiac contractility (cc)
2)sensitive to chemical stimuli, blood ph or pCO2

Front 33

SA Node

Back 33

1)pacemaker of heart
2)located near opening of SVC

Front 34

Interatrial bundles

Back 34

fibers along r/l atrium walls

Front 35

AV Node

Back 35

Near right AV opening

Front 36

Bundle of His (AV bundle)

Back 36

1)inside intervent. septum
2)divides in l/r bundles
3)turns into purkinje fibers (in myocardium)

Front 37

Extrinsic innervation

Back 37

1)associated w/ ANS and sensory fibers of heart
2) ANS controls & regulates heart rate, cardiac contractility & cardiac ouput of BP

Front 38

Sympathetic innervation

Back 38

O-spinal chord (t1-t4)
T-cardiac tissue

Front 39

Parasympathetic innervation

Back 39

O-medulla oblongata
partially form Vagus nerve
T-cardiac tissue

Front 40

Sensory nerves

Back 40

O-heart
travel to the CNS with autonomic fibers.

Front 41

Sympathetic stimulation (heart)

Back 41

1)↑ heart rate (tachycardia)
2)↑ bp (hypertension)
3)↑ bf
4)↑ co
5)↑ cc
6)↑ pp

Front 42

Parasympathetic stimulation (heart)

Back 42

1)↓ heart rate (bradycardia)
2)↓ bp (hypotension)
3)↓ bf
4)↓ co
5)↓ cc
6)↓ pp

Front 43

Coronary occlusion

Back 43

tissue of ♥ dies
↓
isoelectric potential changes (♥ will not cont.in sync)
↓
ventricular fibrilation= cardiac arrest or death
(most common side=lf.ant.branch of l. coronary artery)

Front 44

Angina pectoris

Back 44

chest pain

Front 45

Arteriosclerosis

Back 45

hardening of artery caused by fat deposit. causes:
1.fatty diet
2.smoking
3.chronic anxiety

Front 46

Tachycardia

Back 46

fast ♥ rate. causes:
1.↑ bt (fever)
2. stimulates sympathetic system (fear, anxiety)
3.toxin in ♥(bacterial endotoxin)

Front 47

Bradycardia

Back 47

slow ♥ rate. causes:
1.↓bt (hypothermia)
2. stimulates parasympathetic system (sleep)
3.relaxation
4.myocardial weakening (disease of ♥)
5.well trained athlete

Front 48

High blood pressure factors (hypertension)

Back 48

1.co
2.ANS activity
3.peripheral resistance
4.blood volume
5.stroke volume

Front 49

Hypertension

Back 49

1.essential (primary) 80% ?
2.renal ht:renin-angiotensin cycle 15%
3.secondary:ht due to another disease/condition

Front 50

Renal hypertension

Back 50

1.kidney→renin/liver→angiotensinogen
2.meet up in blood=angiotensin 1
3.goes to lungs turns into angiotensin 2
4.goes to adrenal gland→aldosterone
5.goes to kidney
6. retains salt and water
7.hypervolumia & ↑ osmolality
8.renal hypertension

Front 51

Electrocardiogram

Back 51

1.p wave=depolarization of atria
2.QRS=depolarization of vent.
3.T=repolarization of vent.

Front 52

Heart sounds:Lub

Back 52

1st heart sound:systolic
1.av valve closing (sound)
2.aortic & pulmonic valve opening
3.vent.cont.
4.↑ bp
5.atria ↑

Front 53

Heart sounds:Dup

Back 53

2nd heart sound:diastolic
1.aortic & pulmonic valve (sound) closing
2.av valve opening
3.vent. relax
4.vent. ↑
5.atria cont.

Front 54

Separation of blood

Back 54

1.plasma 55%
2.buffy coat:wbc& platelets 1%
3.rbc 44%

Front 55

Blood types

Back 55

1.O→O most com. uni.donor,both A B
2.A→AA or AO B antib.only
3.B→BB or BO A antib.only
4.AB→AB uni.receiver,neither A B

Front 56

Rhesus factor

Back 56

when rh- woman has rh+ fetus, she produces rh antibodies against the next fetus.

Front 57

Microcytic hypochromic anemia

Back 57

iron deficiency. most common worldwide. mostly in children. rbc-small

Front 58

Macrocytic normochromic anemia

Back 58

(aka marcocytosis)-liver disease & alcoholism. deficient in VB12 & folic acid. rbc-big.

Front 59

Normocytic normochromic anemia

Back 59

severe blood loss. rbc-normal

Front 60

Anemia of chronic disease

Back 60

alcholism,RA,cancer,TB,SLE

Front 61

Leukocytosis

Back 61

1.↑ WBC w/ infection
2.acute infection= ↑ neutrophil
3.chronic infection=all ↑ esp.monocyte

Front 62

Leukemia

Back 62

cancer in kids. ↑ WBC in b.marow,makes rbc starve.

Front 63

Leukopenia

Back 63

very ↓ WBC. associated w/viral disease.

Front 64

Plasma contents

Back 64

1.albumin
2.globulin
3.fibrinogen
4.blood glucose
5.electrolytes
6.enzymes,hormones,wast material, blood gases..etc
TOTPROTEIN=ALBUMIN+GLOBULIN

Front 65

Albumin

Back 65

made in liver. maintains osmotic pressure. smallest plasma protein

Front 66

Globulin

Back 66

essential protein for formation of rbc. immunity

Front 67

Fibrinogen

Back 67

have the greatest molecular weight & involved w/ blood clots (coagulation)

Front 68

Glucose

Back 68

for formation of energy.
not > 200mg=diabetes

Front 69

Erethropoietin

Back 69

1.kidney→erethropoietin
2.goes to b.marrow→rbc
erethropoietin released when body does not have oxygen.
people w/ kidney disease have anemia.

Front 70

Lymphatic system

Back 70

Thoracic duct (highway)always green.(main lymph duct)
1.cisterna chyli (ant.lum.spien)-drains lymph via thoracic duct. ends between lf. int.jugular vein & lf. subclavian nerve. joins venous blood.

Front 71

Lymph node locations

Back 71

1.axillary
2.inguinal
3.neck/throat

Front 72

Lymph node disease (lymphadenopathy)

Back 72

rule-can't palpate normal lymyh node.
criteria:
1.size
2.consistency-mushy(infection),rubbery(viral),hard(cancer)
3.painful or painless(diseased)

Front 73

Acquired Immunity

Back 73

1.Active-produced by andtibodies developed in body in response to antigen

Front 74

Natural Acquired Immunity

Back 74

exposure

Front 75

Induced Active immunity

Back 75

immunization or vaccine

Front 76

Passive immunity

Back 76

produced by transfer of antibodies from another source

Front 77

Natural passive immunity

Back 77

breastfed

Front 78

Artificial passive

Back 78

administered antibodies

Front 79

Innate immunity

Back 79

Born with antibodies

Front 80

T cell

Back 80

1.cell mediated immunity
2.t=thymus
3.direct PHYSICAL attack on infected cells

Front 81

B Cell

Back 81

1.antibody mediated imm/humoral imm
2.b=bursa(lymph node)
3.CHEMICAL attack by secreted antibodies. "Y"

Front 82

Nasal Cavity

Back 82

1.hair-sensory
2.nasal epithelium-warms and moistens air.

Front 83

Pharynx

Back 83

1.nasopharynx
2.oropharynx
3.larynogopharynx-behind thryroid cartilage. between vocal chords.

Front 84

Trachea

Back 84

made of cartilaginous rings. c-shaped.
1.Carina-bottom of trachea
a. rt main bronchus
b. lf main bronchus

Front 85

Bronchial tree

Back 85

1.lobar bronchus
2.segmental bronchus
3.bronchiole
4.respiratory bronchiole
5.alveolar duct-->atria (access > 1 alveolar sac)

Front 86

Hilus

Back 86

1)main bronchus(biggest hole)
2)Pul.artery(always on top)↑CO2
3)Pul.vein (2 or more)↑CO2 ↑O2
4)lymph vessels
5)nerves(sympathetic,parasympathetic,sensory....has touch and pressure but NO PAIN FIBERS)

Front 87

Sympathetic Stimulation to the Lung

Back 87

1)↑ br (tachypnea)
2)↑ ventilation
3)↑ circulation
4)condensation of mucous or ↓ in mucous secretion

Front 88

Parasympathetic Stimulation to the lung

Back 88

1)↓ br (bradypnea)
2)↓ ventilation
3)↓ circulation
4)↑ mucous secretion

Front 89

Asthma

Back 89

triggered by bt changes or by increased parasympathetic stimulation.

Front 90

Pancoast tumors

Back 90

cancer in apex of lung.associated with smokers. 40+. cancer spreads to neck and damages sympathetic chain of neck. leads to Horner's syndrome.

Front 91

Horner's syndrome

Back 91

1)ptosis-drooping eyelid
2)lack of facial sweating
3)dry,warm skin
4)sunrise sign indicates 4-6months to live

Front 92

COPD (chronic obstructed pulmonary disease)

Back 92

1.emphysema-formation of cavities in lungs from smoking.ability to brieath in but not out.
2)chronic bronchitis
3)pneumonia-acute infection of blood tissue alveoli.usually affects the middle lobe. leads to septicemia.

Front 93

Septicemia

Back 93

infection in the blood.
1)high fever
2)coughing w/ sputum
3)tiredness

Front 94

Inhalation (inspiration)

Back 94

1) chest volume ↑ from vertical and horizontal stance.
2) ribs move ↑(except 1st pair)
3) pleural cavity pressure ↓
4)lung tissue expands
5)diaphragm goes ↓
6)abdominal cavity pressure ↑
7)ant. abd.muscle tense

Front 95

Exhalation (expiration)

Back 95

1)chest volume goes ↓
2)ribs move ↓
3)pleural cavity pressure ↑
4)lung tissue shrinks
5)diaphragm ↑
6)abdominal cavity pressure ↓
7)ant. abd.muscle relaxed

Front 96

Respiratory centers

Back 96

regulates breathing. located in the pons and the medulla oblongata.

Front 97

Pons

Back 97

1 pneumotaxic center-suppresses breathing
2 apneustic center-excitement

Front 98

Medulla Oblongata

Back 98

respiratory rhymycity center-allows one to breathe in and out.

Front 99

Relaxed breathing

Back 99

only the diaphragm works (goes up and down)

Front 100

Forced respiration

Back 100

body recruits additional accessory respiratory muscles.
1.scm
2.intercostal muscles (external,internal,innermost)
3.scalene muscle(lateral side of neck)

Front 101

Horner's syndrome

Back 101

1)ptosis-drooping eyelid
2)lack of facial sweating
3)dry,warm skin
4)sunrise sign indicates 4-6months to live

Front 102

COPD (chronic obstructed pulmonary disease)

Back 102

1.emphysema-formation of cavities in lungs from smoking.ability to brieath in but not out.
2)chronic bronchitis
3)pneumonia-acute infection of blood tissue alveoli.usually affects the middle lobe. leads to septicemia.

Front 103

Septicemia

Back 103

infection in the blood.
1)high fever
2)coughing w/ sputum
3)tiredness

Front 104

Inhalation (inspiration)

Back 104

1) chest volume ↑ from vertical and horizontal stance.
2) ribs move ↑(except 1st pair)
3) pleural cavity pressure ↓
4)lung tissue expands
5)diaphragm goes ↓
6)abdominal cavity pressure ↑
7)ant. abd.muscle tense

Front 105

Exhalation (expiration)

Back 105

1)chest volume goes ↓
2)ribs move ↓
3)pleural cavity pressure ↑
4)lung tissue shrinks
5)diaphragm ↑
6)abdominal cavity pressure ↓
7)ant. abd.muscle relaxed

Front 106

A arch of aorta
AB pulmonary trunk
AB1 rt pulmonary artery
AB2 lf pulmonary artery
AC pulmonary veins
AD pulmonary valve
AE ductus arteriosum
B SVC
BB thoracic aorta
BC rt atrium
BD aortic valve
BE mitral (bicuspid)valve
C brachiocephalic trunk
C1 rt.subclavian
C2 rt.common carotid artery
CA chordae tendineae
CB lf ventricle
CD papillary muscle
CE epicardium or apex
D lf common carotid artery
DA myocardium
DB interventricular septum
DC rt ventricle
DE tricuspid valve
E lf subclavian
EB ascending aorta
EE IVC

Back 106

label diagram

Front 107

A cupola (parietal pleura)
AB thyroid cartilage
AC cricoid cartilage
AD tracheal ring
AE visceral pleura
B apex of lung
BA carina
BC horizontal (minor) fissure
BD lower (inferior) lobe
BE base
C parietal pleura
CA mediastinum
CB lingual
D pleural cavity
DA middle lobe

Back 107

label diagram