Cardiovascular Iii Arrhythmidas

Front 1

What is the class of arrhythmic drug that suppresses phase 0 upswing in purkinje and myocardial fibers and shows a marked slowing of condution in all cardia tissues? What is the prototype?

Back 1

Class 1c. Prototype, Flecainide

Front 2

This drug is used in treatment of various arrhthmias that originate in ventricles of atria.

Back 2

Class 1a - Quinidine

Front 3

This drug is used in treatment of ventricular arrhythmias arising during myocardial ischemia. It is the drug of choice in emergency treaatment of cardiac arrhythmias and is the least cardiotoxic.

Back 3

Class 1b, Lidocaine

Front 4

This drug is used in treatment of ventricular arrhythmias such as ventricular tachycardia.

Back 4

Class 1c, Flecainide

Front 5

What are the Cardiac and Extracardiac effects of Class I Arrhythmic drugs?

Back 5

Cardiac: Tendency to aggravate or initiate cardiac rhythm abnormalities while controlling one type of rhythm abnormality (proarrhythmic effect).
Extracardiac: CNS disturbances such as dizziness, nausea and visual disturbances.
This drug is used less often and with more caution than before.

Front 6

Cardiac AP is divided into several phases. This phase is a brief period of repolarization due to exit of K+ from cell.

Back 6

Phase 1

Front 7

This refers to significant deviation from normal cardiac rhythm.

Back 7

Arrhythmia

Front 8

True or False. Arrhythmia affects 50% of patients treated with digitalis, 25% of anethetized patients, and 70% of pts with acute MI.

Back 8

False. Arrhythmia affects 25% of pts treated with digitalis, 50% of anesthetized pts, and 80% of patients with acute MI.

Front 9

What are three mechanisms of Cardiac Arrhythmias?

Back 9

1. Abnormal automaticity/impulse formation
2. Abnormalities in impulse conduction
3. Simultaneous abnormalities of impulse generation and conduction

Front 10

These type of cells in the sinoatrial (SA) (sinus) node depolarize spontaneoulsly to generate action potential (AP): dominate and control cardiac rhythm in normal heart.

Back 10

Pacemaker cells

Front 11

AP spread in a timely way through the atria via atrial muscle cells to these.

Back 11

AV (Atrioventricular) node

Front 12

The bundle of HIS is made up of conducting cells known as ________, which distribute AP ventricular muscle cells.

Back 12

Purkinje fibers

Front 13

From AV node, AP transmitted to ventricles via specialized conducting system known as what?

Back 13

Bundle of HIS

Front 14

The fraction delay at the ________ allows time for the atrial contraction that helps fill the ventricles with blood.

Back 14

AV node

Front 15

This is when the heartrate is <60 beats per minute.

Back 15

Bradycardia

Front 16

This is when the heart rate is > 100 beats per minute.

Back 16

Tachycardia

Front 17

Cardiac AP is divided into several phases. This phase is rapid depolarization due to sudden influs of Na +.

Back 17

Phase 0

Front 18

What are 3 things arrhythmias are named for?

Back 18

1. origin
2. nature of disturbed heartbeat
3. impairment of cardiac conduction
Example: Ventricular arrthythmias originate in ventricles
- Supraventricular arrhythmias origin is in atria, AV node or upper purnje fibers.

Front 19

Name 5 common classifications of arrhythmias?

Back 19

1. Sinus arrhythmias
2. Supraventricular arrhythmias
3. Atrioventricular junctional arrhythmias
4. Conduction disturbances
6. Ventricular arrhythmias

Front 20

This classification of arrhythmia involves Sinus tachycardia, sinus bradycardia and/or sick sinus syndrome.

Back 20

Sinus arrhythmia

Front 21

This classification of arrhythmia can include atrial fibrillation and flutter, atrial tachycardia and premature atrial contractions.

Back 21

Supraventricular arrhythmias

Front 22

This classification of arrhythmia can include junctional rhythm, and junctional tachycardia.

Back 22

Atrioventricular junctional arrhythmias.

Front 23

This classification of arrhythmias can include atrioventricular block, bundle branch block, and fascicular block.

Back 23

Conduction disturbances

Front 24

The classification of these arrhythmias can include, premature ventricular contractions, ventricular tachycardia, and ventricular fibrillation.

Back 24

Ventricular arrhythmias.

Front 25

These classifications of drugs block Na+ channels

Back 25

IA, IB, IC

Front 26

These classifications of drugs block beta adrenoreceptors

Back 26

II

Front 27

These classifications of drugs block K+ channels.

Back 27

III

Front 28

These classifications of drugs block Ca++ channels.

Back 28

IV

Front 29

These drugs bind to open (activated) or closed (inactivated) Na+ channels to cause normalization of Na+ entry.

Back 29

Sodium channel blockers.

Front 30

What is the class of arrhythmic drug that binds to open and inactivate Na+ channels to prevent Na+ influx? What is the prototype?

Back 30

Class 1a - prototype Quindine (anti malaria)

Front 31

What is the class of arrhythmic drug that blocks both activated and inactivated Na+ channels? It shortens phase 3 repolarization and decreases duration of AP. What is the prototype?

Back 31

Class 1b. Prototype, Lidocaine

Front 32

Cardiac AP is divided into several phases. This phase is a plateau due to opening of Ca2+ channels, Efflux of K+ ions in hase 1 balances the influx of Ca2+, no net charge-plateau which enables heart to rest and fill with blood - diastole.

Back 32

Phase 2

Front 33

The cardiac AP is divided into several phases. This phase is when repolarization is completed by unopposed efflux of K+ as Ca2+ channels close.

Back 33

Phase 3

Front 34

The cardiac AP is divided into several phases. This phase is slow spontaneous depolarization due to leak of Na+ ions into cell plus gradual decrease in K+ exit; accumulation of positive charge causes cell to reach threshold and enter phase 0.

Back 34

Phase 4

Front 35

This class of antiarrhythmic drugs decrease excitatory effects of sympathetic nervous system, slow down heart rate and contractility (negative chronotropic and ionotropic effect) and conduction through myocardium.

Back 35

Class II: Beta-Blockers

Front 36

What is the prototype for Class II antiarrhythmic drugs?

Back 36

Propranolol (Beta Blocker)

Front 37

This class of antiarrhythmic drugs decrease excitatory effects of sympathetic nervous system, slow down heart rate and contractility (negative chronotropic and ionotropic effect) and conduction through myocardium.

Back 37

Class II: Beta-Blockers

Front 38

True or False - Class II Beta Blockers are not as safe as Class I Sodium channel blockers.

Back 38

False, Beta Blockers are safer than Sodium channel blockers.

Front 39

One of this antiarrhythmic drugs side effects include othostatic hypotension. A precaution would be to decrease exercise and stress level because of a decrease in HR.

Back 39

Class II - Beta Blocker

Front 40

This antiarrhythmic drug is used in treatment of arrthythmias originating in atria and AV nodes and is the mainstay in treatment of arrhythmias.

Back 40

Class II - Beta Blockers

Front 41

What are the cardiac and extracardiac effects of Class III drugs?

Back 41

Cardiac = antifibrillatory effect
Extracardiac = beta clockers, therefore potential to cause postural hypotension

Front 42

These drugs have selective ability to block calcium entry into myocardial and vascular smooth muscle cells.

Back 42

Class IV - Calcium channel blockers

Front 43

This drugs prototype is Nifedipine.

Back 43

Class IV - Calcium channel blockers

Front 44

This drug decreases the rate of discharge of the SA node and inhibits conduction through the AV node.

Back 44

Class IV - Calcium channel blockers

Front 45

This drug is used in treatment of arrhythmias cuased by atrial dysfunction such as suproventricular tachycardia and atrial fibrillation.

Back 45

Class IV - calcium channel blocker

Front 46

What are some non-pharmacological approaches to treatment of arrhythmias?

Back 46

Pacemakers, Catheter ablation (destroy tissue contributing to tachycardia), Electrical therapy, Cardioversion (implantable cardioverter defribillator, Surgery

Front 47

This drug is used in the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias, ventricular fibrillation supraventricular arrhythmias.

Back 47

Class III - K+ Blockers

Front 48

This class of antiarrhythic drugs block potassium channels and prolong duration of AP without altering phase 0.

Back 48

Class III - K+ Blockers

Front 49

The prototype for this anti arrhythmic drug is Sotalol.

Back 49

Class III - K+ Blocker

Front 50

The advantages to this antiarrhythmic drug is that it affects both atrial and ventricular problems and it is safe compared with Class I drugs.

Back 50

Class III K+ blockers

Front 51

This class of antiarrthythmic drugs prolong repolarization.

Back 51

Class III K+ Blockers