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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where is the apex and base of the heart?
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the base is at the superior surface, the apex is at the inferior tip
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What are the three layers of the heart wall from outermost to innermost?
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epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
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What are the three layers of the heart wall surrounded by?
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pericardium
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What are the two parts of the paricardium?
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outer layer-parietal pericardium
inner layer-epicardium |
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What do the parietal pericardium and epicardium form?
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pericardial sac
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What are the three layers of the parietal pericardium?
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dense fibrous tissue, areolar tissue, mesothelium
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What does the epicardium cover?
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the outer surface of the heart
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What two layers is the epicardium composed of?
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mesothelium, areolar tissue
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Which heart layer forms the walls of both the atria and the ventricles?
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myocardium
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What is the myocardium composed of?
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cardiac muscle tissue, blood vessels, nerves
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How are the layers of cardiac muscle tissue arranged?
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concentric
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What layer of the heart wall coverss the inner surfaces of the heart?
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endocardium
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What is the endocardium cmposed of?
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simple squamous epithelium (endothelium) and areolar tissue
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How does cardiac muscle tissue differ from skeletal muscle tissue? (4)
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1. small cell size
2. single nucleus 3. branching interconnections between cells 4. specialized intercellular connections |
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What is an intercalated disc?
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the specialized sites that connect cardiac muscle cells to several others
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How are the layers of cardiac muscle tissue arranged?
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concentric
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Do cardiac muscle cells contain myofibrils?
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yes
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What layer of the heart wall coverss the inner surfaces of the heart?
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endocardium
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What gives cardiac muscle tissue a striated appearance?
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numerous sarcomeres
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What is the endocardium cmposed of?
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simple squamous epithelium (endothelium) and areolar tissue
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How are cardiac tissues richly supplied with capillaries and blood supply?
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the cells are metabolically very active and have a high demand for oxygen and nutrients
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How does cardiac muscle tissue differ from skeletal muscle tissue? (4)
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1. small cell size
2. single nucleus 3. branching interconnections between cells 4. specialized intercellular connections |
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How are cardiac muscle cells connected at intercalated discs?
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gap junctions and desmosomes
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What is an intercalated disc?
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the specialized sites that connect cardiac muscle cells to several others
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What is the purpose of intercalated discs?
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help stablilze the position of adjacent cells
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Do cardiac muscle cells contain myofibrils?
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yes
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What gives cardiac muscle tissue a striated appearance?
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numerous sarcomeres
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How are cardiac tissues richly supplied with capillaries and blood supply?
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the cells are metabolically very active and have a high demand for oxygen and nutrients
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How are cardiac muscle cells connected at intercalated discs?
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gap junctions and desmosomes
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What is the purpose of intercalated discs?
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help stablilze the position of adjacent cells
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What do gap junctions allow the transport of?
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ions and small molecules between cells-->direct electrical connection
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Why does the cardiac muscle tissue resembe a single enormous muscle cell?
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each cardiac muscle cell is mechanically, chemically, and electrically connected to one another
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What is a functional syncytium?
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a fused mass of cells
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Where is the heart located?
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mediastinum in the pericardial cavity
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What is the mediastinum?
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the area between the two pleural cavities
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What are the great vessels?
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the largest veins and arteries in the body
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What does the pericardial cavity contain?
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15-50 ml of pericardial fluid
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What is the function of pericardial fluid?
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acts as a lubricant that reduces friction between the opposing surfaces as the heart beats
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How many chambers are there in the heart
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four--two atria and two ventricles
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Describe the structure of the atria.
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thin muscular walls, highly expandable
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What are sulci?
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grooves that mark boundaries between the atria and the ventricles and the left and right ventricles
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What do the sulci contain?
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artieries and veins that carry blood to and from the cardiac muscle
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What is the ligamentum arteriosum?
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fiber that connects the pulmonary trunk to the aortic arch
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What is the auricle?
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expandable extension of the atrium
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What is the coronary sulcus?
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groove that marks the border between the atria and ventricles
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What is the anterior interventricular sulcus?
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depression on the anterior surface that marks the boundary between the left and right ventricles
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What is the function of the coronary sinus?
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carries blood collected from the myocardium to the right atrium
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What is the posterior interventriciular sulcus?
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depression on the posterior surface of the heart that marks the boundary between the right and left ventricles
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How does the heart tissue recieve its blood supply
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coronary circulation
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Where do the right and left coronary arteries originate?
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base of the ascending aorta
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Where is blood pressure highest in the systemic circuit?
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the base of the ascending aorta
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is myocardial blood flow steady?
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NO
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When does myocardial blood flow peak and cease?
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peaks when heart muscle is relaxed, ceases when it contracts
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What does the right coronary artery supply?
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-right atrium
-portions of both ventricles -portions of conducting system of the heart |
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What arteries supply the surface of the right ventricle
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marginal arteries
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What does the left coronary artery supply?
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-left ventricle
-left atrium -interventricular septum |
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What maitains a continuous blood flow despite pressure fluctuations in the left and right coronary arteries?
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arterial anastomoses
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What is the circumflex artery?
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branch off the left coronary artery that fuses with branches of the right coronary artery
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What vessel supplies blood to the interventricular septum and adjacent portions of the ventricles?
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posterior interventricular artery
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What are the major collecting vessels on the anterior surface of the heart?
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anterior cardiac veins and great cardiac vein
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What does the anterior cardiac vein drain?
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anterior surface of the rght ventricle
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Where does the great cardiac vein drain blood from?
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the region suppied by the anterior interventricular artery
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What are the major collecting vessels on the posterior surface? (4)
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coronary sinus, posterior cardiac vein, small cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein
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What area does the posterior cardiac vein drain blood?
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area supplied by circumflex area
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Where does the small cardiac vein drain blood from?
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posterior surfaces of right atrium and ventricle, empties into coronary sinus
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Where does the middle cardiac vein drain blood from
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the area supplied by the posterior interventricular artery, empties into coronary sinus
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What is elastic rebound?
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flow of blood forward into the systemic circuit and backward into the coronary arteries
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What ensures a continuous flow of blood?
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blood pressure and elastic rebound
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What controls the direction of blood flow between the heart chambers?
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atrioventricular valves
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Where does the right atrium recieve blood from
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inferior and superior vena cavae and coronary sinus
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What valve carries blood from the right atrium to the right ventricle?
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tricuspid valve
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What are the chordae tendinae?
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connective tissue fiber that are the free edge of each valve
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Where do the chordae tendinae originate?
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papillary muscles
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How does blood leave the right ventricle to the pulmonary trunk?
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pulmonary valve
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Where does the left atrium recieve blood from?
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pulmonary veins
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What valve does blood flow through from the left atrium to the left ventricle?
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bicuspid valve or mitral valve
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How does blood leave the left ventricle?
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through the aortic valve into the ascending aorta
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What is the function of the atria?
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collect blood returning to the heart and convey it to the corresponding ventricle
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Describe the AV valves vs. the semilunar valves as the heart beats.
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the AV valves close before the semilunar valves open, and semilunar valves close before the AV valves open
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When the ventricles are relaxed, what valves are open and what are closed
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the AV valves are open and semilunar valves are closed
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When the ventricles contract, what happens to the valves?
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the AV valves close and the semilunar valves open
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What are the heart valves encircled by?
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cardiac skeleton
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What does the cardiac skeleton consist of?
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tough elastic tisssue
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What is the purpose of the cardiac skeleton?
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stabilize the positions of the heart valves and ventricular muscle cells
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What is the interatrial septum?
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wall that seperates the the two atria
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What is the interventricular septum?
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wall that seperates the ventricles
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Do the semilunar valves have muscular braces?
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No
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What is carditis?
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an inflammation of the heart
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