Cardiovascular Anatomy And Physiology

Front 1

Pericardial Sac

Back 1

encases and protects the heart from trauma and infection

Front 2

Pericardial Space

Back 2

between parietal and visceral layers, 5-20 mL of fluid, cushions heart

Front 3

Atrioventricular Valves

Back 3

Tricuspid and Mitral, lie between atria and ventricles

Front 4

AV valves close

Back 4

at the beginning of ventricular contraction and prevent blood from flowing back into the atria from the ventricles

Front 5

AV valves open when

Back 5

the ventricle relaxes

Front 6

Semilunar valves

Back 6

aortic and pulmonic

Front 7

Semilunar valves prevent

Back 7

blood from flowing back into the ventricles during relaxation

Front 8

Semilunar valves open

Back 8

during ventricular contraction

Front 9

Semilunar valves close

Back 9

when the ventricles begin to relax

Front 10

SA node

Back 10

initiates each heartbeat

Front 11

SA node location

Back 11

junction of SVC and RA

Front 12

SA node generates electrical impulses

Back 12

60-100 times per minute

Front 13

AV node

Back 13

receives electrical impulses from the SA node

Front 14

AV node location

Back 14

lower part of atrial septum

Front 15

AV node generates electrical impulses

Back 15

40-60 times per minute

Front 16

Bundle of His

Back 16

branches into RBB and LBB

Front 17

R & L branches terminate into

Back 17

Purkinje fibers

Front 18

Bundle of His location

Back 18

interventricular septum

Front 19

Purkinje fibers

Back 19

spread wave of depolarization through ventricles

Front 20

Purkinje fibers pacemaker rate

Back 20

20-40 bpm

Front 21

RCA

Back 21

supplies blood to the right atrium and ventricle, inferior portion of LV, posterior septal wall, and the SA/AV nodes

Front 22

LMCA AKA

Back 22

Left main coronary artery

Front 23

LMCA

Back 23

has two major branches, the LAD and circumflex arteries

Front 24

LAD

Back 24

supplies blood to anterior wall of LV, anterior V septum, and apex of LV

Front 25

Circumflex Artery

Back 25

supplies blood to LA and lateral/posterior surfaces of LV

Front 26

S1

Back 26

AV valves close

Front 27

S2

Back 27

semilunar valves close

Front 28

S3

Back 28

occurs in CHF and valvular regurgitation

Front 29

S4

Back 29

occurs in atrial systole if resistance to ventricular filling is present

Front 30

Causes of S4

Back 30

cardiac hypertrophy, injury to ventricular wall

Front 31

Faster HR=

Back 31

decreased CO

Front 32

Sympathetic nerve fibers

Back 32

release norepinephrine increasing HR, atrial & ventricular contractility, & vasoconstriction

Front 33

Parasympathetic nerve fibers

Back 33

release neurotransmitter acetylcholine decreasing HR, atrial & ventricular contractility

Front 34

Baroreceptors

Back 34

specialized nerve endings affected by changes in arterial BP

Front 35

Increases in arterial pressure cause baroreceptors

Back 35

heart rate and arterial pressure decrease

Front 36

Decreases in arterial pressure cause baroreceptors to

Back 36

vasoconstrict and increase heart rate

Front 37

Stretch receptors

Back 37

respond to pressure changes that affect circulatory BV

Front 38

Decreased ADH(vasopressin) causes

Back 38

increased diuresis, decreased BV, decreased BP

Front 39

Increased ADH causes

Back 39

increase in BP and BV

Front 40

Renin

Back 40

potent vasoconstrictor

Front 41

Renin converts

Back 41

Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II

Front 42

Angiotensin II stimulates release of

Back 42

aldosterone

Front 43

Aldosterone

Back 43

promotes water and sodium retention causing increased BV and BP

Front 44

Capillaries

Back 44

exchange fluid and nutrients between blood and interstitial spaces

Front 45

Lymphatics

Back 45

drain tissues and return tissue fluid to blood