Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Acute marginal artery supplies?
|
Right ventricle
|
|
|
Posterior descending artery supplies?
|
Supplies posterior 1/3 of IV septum and posterior ventricular walls
|
|
|
LAD supplies?
|
Anterior IV septum, anterior papillary muscle, anterior LV
|
|
|
Left circumflex coronary artery (LCX) supplies?
|
L. ventricle (lateral and posterior wall)
|
|
|
Left-dominant coronary circulation - PDA from which artery?
|
Left circumflex artery (LCX)
|
|
|
Right-dominant coronary circulation - PDA from which artery?
|
Right coronary artery
|
|
|
Coronary arteries fill during
|
Diastole
|
|
|
Enlargement of right atrium - clinical signs (2)
|
1) Dysphagia (compression of esophagus)
2) Hoarseness (L recurrent nerve compression) |
|
|
MAP
|
MAP = CO x TPR = 2/3 P(diastole) + 1/3 P(systole)
|
|
|
Venodilator effect on preload
|
Decrease preload
|
|
|
Vasodilator effect on afterload
|
Decrease afterload
|
|
|
Ejection Fraction
|
EF = SV/EDV = (EDV - ESV)/EDV
Measures ventricular contraction |
|
|
Resistance calculation
|
R = (8 x viscosity x length) / ( pi x r^4)
|
|
|
Isovolumetric contraction
|
Between mitral valve closure and aortic valve opening; highest O2 consumption
|
|
|
Isovolumetric relaxation
|
Between aortic valve closing and mitral valve opening
|
|
|
S3 heart sound
|
Early diastole, increased filling pressure, dilated ventricles
|
|
|
S4 heart sound
|
Late diastole, ventricular hypertrophy (high atrial pressure)
|
|
|
JVP - waves
|
a, c, x, v, y
|
|
|
JVP a wave
|
atrial contraction
|
|
|
JVP c wave
|
RV contraction
|
|
|
JVP x descent
|
atrial relaxation
|
|
|
JVP v wave
|
Increased right atrial pressure
|
|
|
JVP y descent
|
blood flow from R atrium to R ventricle
|
|
|
Normal splitting
|
Inspiration --> Increased R ventricle filling --> Increased ejection time --> Split pulm and aortic valve closure
|
|
|
Wide splitting
|
Delayed RV empyting (plum stenosis, right bundle branch block)
|
|
|
Fixed splitting
|
ASD - Left-to-right shunt increases R heart volumes
|
|
|
Paradoxical splitting
|
Delay L ventricle emptying (aortic stenosis, left bundle branch block); P2 sound before A2
|
|
|
Hand grip maneuver
|
Increase afterload; Increase intensity of regurgitation murmurs, VSD, mitral valve prolaspe
|
|
|
Valsalva maneuver
|
Decrease preload; Increase intensity of mitral valve prolapse
|
|
|
Mitral regurgitation
|
Holosystolic, high-pitchted "blowing" murmur; loudest at apex, radiates toward axilla; enhanced by handgrip, expiration; due to IHD, MVP, LV dilation
|
|
|
Tricuspid regurgitation
|
Holosystolic high-pitched "blowing" murmur; loudest at LLSB, radiates to right sternal border; enhanced by inspiration
|
|
|
Aortic stenosis
|
Crescending-decrescendo systolic ejection murmur with ejection click; radiation to carotids; pulsus parvus et tardus; syncope, angina, dyspnea; calcified aortic valves, bicuspid valves
|
|
|
VSD
|
Holosystolic, harsh murmur; loudest at LLSB, enhanced by handgrip
|
|
|
Mitral valve prolapse
|
Late systolic crescendo murmur, midsystolic click; apex, loudest at S2; enhanced by Valsalva
|
|
|
Aortic regurgitation
|
High-pitched "blowing" diastolic decrescendo murmur; enhance with hand grip; bounding pulses
|
|
|
Mitral stenosis
|
Opening snap, rumbling late diastolic murmur; secondary to rheumatic fever; enhanced by expriation
|
|
|
PDA
|
Continuous, machine-like murmur loudest at S2; left infraclavicular area; congenital rubella
|
|
|
Phase 0 of pacemaker AP
|
Opening of voltage-gated Ca++ channels --> Ca++ influx
|
|
|
Phase 3 of pacemaker AP
|
Inactivation of Ca++ channels, activation of K+ channels --> K+ efflux
|
|
|
Phase 4 of pacemaker AP
|
Funny current - Na+ influx into cell; slope determines HR (Sympathetic stimulation increase funny current channels opening, increase HR)
|
|
|
Phase 0 of ventricular AP
|
Voltage-gated Na+ channels open --> Na+ influx
|
|
|
Phase 1 of ventricular AP
|
VGNa+ channels inactivated, K+ channels open
|
|
|
Phase 2 of ventricular AP
|
VGCa++ channels open --> Ca++ influx balance K+ efflux; PLATEAU
|
|
|
Phase 3 of ventricular AP
|
VGC++ channels close, slow VGK+ channels open --> K+ efflux
|
|
|
Phase 4 of ventricular AP
|
Resting potential (K+ channels open)
|
|
|
Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome
|
Prolonged QT interval, deafness
|
|
|
PR interval
|
AV conduction delay (< 200 msec)
|
|
|
QT interval
|
Ventricular mechanical contraction
|
|
|
T wave
|
Ventricular repolarization
|
|
|
U wave
|
Caused by hypokalemia, bradycardia
|
|
|
Atrial flutter
|
Identical atrial depolarization waves; "sawtooth" appearance; treat with class IA, IC, III
|
|
|
Ventricular fibrillation
|
Erratic rhythm, no identifiable waves; fatal
|
|
|
1st degree AV block
|
Prolonged PR interval (> 200 msec); asymptomatic
|
|
|
2nd degree Mobitz type I AV block
|
Progressive lengthening of PR interval until a beat is "dropped" - no QRS interval following P wave
|
|
|
2nd degree Mobitz type II AV block
|
Dropped QRS with normal PR interval; pathologic, treated with pacemaker
|
|
|
3rd degree AV block (complete)
|
P waves and QRS are present independently; pathogenic - treat with pacemaker; Lyme disease
|
|
|
ANP
|
Efferent renal arteriole contract, afferent arteriole dilation --> opposes effects of aldosterone
|
|
|
Aortic arch receptors - transmit via which nerve?
|
Vagus
|
|
|
Carotid sinus receptors - transmit via which nerve?
|
Glossopharyngeal
|
|
|
Baro- and chemo-receptor nerves lead to which CNS nucleus?
|
Solitary nucleus of medulla
|
|
|
Carotid sinus - which receptor type?
|
Baroreceptor
|
|
|
Carotid body - which receptor type?
|
Chemoreceptor
|
|
|
Baroreceptor response to hypotension
|
Decreased stretch --> decrease baroreceptor firing --> Stimulate SNS and depress PSNS --> Vasocontraction, Increased BP, HR
|
|
|
Baroreceptor response to stretch
|
Increased stretch --> increase baroreceptor firing --> Stimulate PSNS, depress SNS --> Decrease BP, HR
|
|
|
Peripheral chemoreceptors respond to
|
Decreased PO2 (< 60 mmHg)
Increased PCO2 Decreased pH |
|
|
Central chemoreceptors respond to
|
pH and PCO2 changes in brain interstitial fluid; NO direct response to PO2!
|
