Cardiology Review For Comprehensive

Front 1

During atrial systole, what valves is blood pumped through?

Back 1

Tricuspid and bicuspid valves

Front 2

What type of p-waves should you expect to see with A-flutter?

Back 2

Sawtooth

Front 3

How are the p-waves different between A-flutter and A-fib?

Back 3

A-flutter has sawtooth, organized p waves. A fib has no organized, recognizable p waves.

Front 4

What valves is blood pumped through during ventricular systole?

Back 4

pulmonic and aortic semilunar valves.

Front 5

What is the definitive treatment for v-fib or pulseless v-tach?

Back 5

Defibrillation

Front 6

What med should you give to patients with mild symptoms due to bradycardia, and how much?

Back 6

Atropine, 0.5mg doses up to 3mg

Front 7

What is the most common cause of PVCs?

Back 7

Hypoxia- hypoxia irritates the heart and causes PVCs.

Front 8

When are the coronary arteries perfused?

Back 8

Ventricular diastole

Front 9

What condition is often associated with A-fib?

Back 9

CHF- due to left ventricular failure, that causes pulmonary vascular congestion. This irritates the atria and causes A-fib.

Front 10

What characteristic of chest pain is distinct to an MI?

Back 10

It is unrelieved with rest

Front 11

What is metabolic syndrome?

Back 11

A group of disorders that appear to increase the development of atherosclerotic heart disease. One of the main features is insulin resistance. Can usually be prevented with weight loss and increased exercise.

Front 12

What psychosocial factors can increase the risk for heart disease?

Back 12

-Having or having had depression

-Education, family income, and employment

Front 13

How does alcohol intake affect heart disease?

Back 13

Light to moderate alcohol intake (1-2 drinks a day) has a protective effect on coronary disease

Front 14

What is the apex of the heart?

Back 14

The point of the left ventricle that is lowest

Front 15

What is the anterior surface of the heart made of (what chamber?)

Back 15

Mostly the right ventricle, because the heart is tilted to the left

Front 16

What is the point of maximal impulse?

Back 16

The apical pulse, the point at which the heart beat is most strongly felt

Front 17

Explain the difference between the terms coronary heart disease and coronary artery disease:

Back 17

CAD refers to just the arteries, while coronary heart disease refers to complications of the heart due to arterial disease, such as an MI.

Front 18

Traits and lifestyle habits that may increase a person's chance of developing a disease are called:

Back 18

Risk factors

Front 19

List the three main coronary arteries:

Back 19

Left anterior descending, circumflex, and right coronary artery

Front 20

List three factors that determine stroke volume:

Back 20

Preload, afterload, and myocardium contractility

Front 21

What are the four properties of cardiac cells:

Back 21

Automaticity, Excitability, conductivity, contractility

Front 22

What is the definition of preload?

Back 22

The force exerted on the walls of the ventricles at the end of diastole.

Front 23

What is afterload influenced by?

Back 23

Arterial BP, the ability of arteries to stretch, and arterial resistance.

Front 24

Increased afterload=?

Back 24

Increased workload of the heart to pump blood

Front 25

List the intrinsic rates for each of the heart's normal pacemaker sites:

Back 25

SA node:60-100 bpm

AV node:40-60 bpm

Purkinje Fibers:20-40 bpm

Front 26

List three characteristics of an EKG rhythm that indicated the impulse began in the SA node

Back 26

1. upward P waves that correlate to each QRS

2. P waves that look the same

3. constant PR interval

Front 27

What are factors that decrease CO?

Back 27

shock, hypovolemia, and heart failure

Front 28

What does Starling's law state?

Back 28

The greater the preload, the more forceful the cardiac contraction and the greater the stroke volume- up to a point.

Front 29

What are electrolytes?

Back 29

elements or compounds that have an electrical charge in water.

Front 30

Describe the "Polarization" phase of the cardiac action potential:

Back 30

The cell is more negatively charged on the inside than it's surrounding environment. This is a polarized state.

Front 31

Describe the "Depolarization" phase of the cardiac action potential:

Back 31

After the cell receives a stimulus, it's membrane becomes permeable to Na+ and K+. Na+ rushes into the cell, and the inside of the cells becomes more positive.

Front 32

How does the depolarization impulse move through the heart?

Back 32

From the endocardium to the epicardium.

Front 33

Is depolarization and contraction the same thing?

Back 33

No- Depolarization is the electrical event meant to result in a contraction, which is a mechanical event.

Front 34

Describe the "Repolarization" phase of the cardiac action potential:

Back 34

This occurs after the cell depolarizes, when the cell is moving back to it's state of polarization. Na+ flow into the cell is stopped, and K+ is allowed to leave it, which causes the inside of the cell to become negative again.

Front 35

What is the "Plateau" phase?

Back 35

Ca++ enters the cell, and K+ leaves the cell. This period allows the heart to sustain a contraction to eject all of the blood from the heart.

Front 36

What phase of the EKG does the Plateau phase correspond to?

Back 36

The ST segment

Front 37

How do calcium channel blockers affect the cardiac action potential?

Back 37

Calcium channel blockers shorten the plateau phase, and the atria, ventricles, and purkinje fibers spend less time in this phase

Front 38

What is the difference between the absolute refractory period and the relative refractory period?

Back 38

Absolute- Cell will not respond to stimulation, no matter how strong.

Relative- some cells are capable of responding to a stronger-than-normal stimulation

Front 39

Describe how Enhanced Automaticity can cause dysrhythmias:

Back 39

This occurs when sites other than the pacemaker begins to fire, or another pacemaker site increases it's firing.

Front 40

Describe how Triggered Activity causes dysrhythmias:

Back 40

This occurs when abnormal electrical impulses occur during repolarization, which is caused by a pacemaker site other than the SA node depolarizing more than once from a single impulse.

Front 41

Describe how Reentry can cause dysrhythmias:

Back 41

Reentry is the spread of an impulse through tissue already stimulated by that impulse, caused by a block in the pathway, and another, accessory pathway.

Front 42

Describe how escape beats can cause dysrhythmias

Back 42

This occurs when the SA node slows or fails to fire and another pacemaker site fires.

Front 43

What are some examples of conduction disturbances that can cause dysrhythmias?

Back 43

Trauma, drug toxicity, electrolyte disturbances, myocardial ischemia or infarct.