Cardiology

Front 1

Identify "objective" signs of cardiac disease

Back 1

1. cardiac murmurs (except "functional" murmurs in some normal dogs and "physiological" murmurs from anemia or high output states)
2. rhythm disturbances(except sinus arrhythmias)
3. jugular pulsations
4. cardiac enlargement

Front 2

Identify "subjective" signs of cardiac disease

Back 2

1. syncope
2. excessively strong or weak arterial pulses
3. cough or respiratory difficulty
4. exercise intolerance
5. cyanosis

Front 3

What is "heart failure"?

Back 3

the state where the heart can no longer meet the circulatory demands of the body... OR... can only meet them at high cardiac filling pressures

Front 4

1.Can signs of heart disease be present without the state of heart failure?

2. Is heart failure a specific disease?

Back 4

1. Yes
2. No, it is a clinical syndrome

Front 5

Steps in a cardiac exam

Back 5

1. Signalment, history, environment, diet, etc
2. Observation/general physical exam
3. Check mucous membranes
4. check arterial pulses
5. check jugular veins
6. Palpation of the precordium
7. Auscultation

Front 6

4 pathophysiologic groups of heart failure

Back 6

1) myocardial failure
2) increased cardiac workload (volume overload)
3) Increased cardiac workload (pressure overload)
4) Reduced ventricular compliance (impaired filling)

Front 7

4 pathophysiologic groups of heart failure

Back 7

1) myocardial failure
2) increased cardiac workload (volume overload)
3) Increased cardiac workload (pressure overload)
4) Reduced ventricular compliance (impaired filling)