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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the normal Heart Sounds?
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S1 - closure of mitral and tricuspid valves
S2 - closure of aortic and pulmonic valves (A2,P2) |
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What is physiologic splitting?
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Increased time between A2 and P2 (the S2 is split); normally caused by inspiration
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What is Wide splitting?
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Either premature A2 closing or delayed P2 closing
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What are 4 causes of wide splitting?
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-pulmonic stenosis
-RBBB -pulmonary embolism -pulmonary HTN |
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What is Paradoxical splitting?
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A2 comes after P2 instead of before it - increases with expiration
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What are 4 causes of Paradoxical splitting?
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-Aortic stenosis
-LBBB -Using a pacemaker -LV systolic dysfunction |
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What is Fixed Splitting?
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When splitting does not vary with breathing - caused by an ASD, atrial septal defect
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What makes an S3 heart sound and when is it heard?
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Increased blood volume flowing into enlarged dilated ventricle - heard after S2, best with the bell at the apex
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What causes an S3?
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-Enlarged ventricle
-CHF -Dilated cardiomyopathy |
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What makes an S4 heart sound and when is it heard?
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Atrial contraction forcing blood into a stiff ventricle. Heard just before S1
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What are 3 causes of an increased Arterial Pulse?
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-Aortic regurgitation
-PDA (persistent ductus arteriosus) -High cardiac output (sepsis, hyperthyroid) |
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What is the rapid rise/fall of the arterial pulse seen in aortic regurgitation called?
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Water-hammer, or Corrigan's pulse
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What are 2 causes of a decreased Arterial pulse?
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-PVD
-Low cardiac output |
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What can cause a decreased or delayed carotid pulse?
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Aortic stenosis
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What is it called when there are 2 pulse peaks of the carotid pulse?
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Pulsus bisferien
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What are 2 causes of Pulsus bisferien?
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-Aortic regurg
-Large PDA |
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What are 2 common causes of jugular venous distention?
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-CHF - volume overload
-Tamponade |
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In what leads is the P wave upright normally?
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I, II, AvF
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In what leads do we look to determine Axis?
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I, II, and AvF - only the limb leads
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What is normal axis?
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Upright in I, II, and AvF
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What is Left axis deviation?
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Upright in Lead I
Downward in Leads II and AvF |
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What is Right axis deviation?
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Downward in Lead I
Upright in II and AvF |
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What conditions are associated with Left axis deviation? (5)
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(Upright in I, downward in II and AvF)
-Left anterior fascicular block -LBBB -Inferior MI -WPW with posteroseptal pathway -COPD |
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What conditions are associated with Right axis deviation? (4)
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(Downward in I, upright in II and AvF)
-Left posterior fascicular block -RVH -Lateral or anterolateral MI -WPW with left lateral pathway |
