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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are 3 common causes of Aortic Stenosis?
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-Rheumatic heart disease
-Bicuspid valve -Senile calcific stenosis |
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What are the common symptoms of Aortic stenosis?
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-Angina
-Syncope -Heart failure -Dyspnea -Decreased exercise tolerance |
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What does the murmur of Aortic Stenosis sound like?
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Systolic crescendo-decrescendo that radiates to the carotids
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What other exam findings may be associated with Aortic stenosis?
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-Displaced and sustained PMI
-Decreased S2 -May have a systolic click if it's bicuspid |
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At what point does Aortic stenosis generally become symptomatic?
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When the valve area is <1 cm cubed and the pressure gradient is >40 mm Hg
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How are all valve disorders diagnosed?
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Echo
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When is aortic stenosis treated?
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When it becomes symptomatic
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What is the main complication of untreated aortic stenosis?
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LV systolic dysfunction --> CHF
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What are the 2 main causes of Aortic Insufficiency?
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-Valve leaflet destruction (ie endocarditis, rheumatic fever, or aortic stenosis)
-Acute aortic dissection (ie Marfan) |
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What is the common symptom of Aortic Insufficiency?
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-CHF
(it usually stays asymptomatic until heart failure develops) |
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What is the murmur of Aortic Insufficiency like?
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-DIASTOLIC decrescendo blowing at the base
(may hear an apical diastolic rumble in severe cases similar to that heard in mitral stenosis) |
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What exam findings are associated with Aortic insufficiency?
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-Decreased S1 (mitral/tricuspids close softer)
-Widened pulse pressure -Water-hammer pulses |
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What is the treatment for Aortic insufficiency?
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-Afterload reduction with an ACE inhibitor
-Replacement of the valve if symptomatic |
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What are 4 major complications of Aortic insufficiency?
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-Left atrial enlargement
-Pulmonary HTN -Right heart failure -Atrial fibrillation |
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What are the most common causes of Mitral Stenosis?
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-Rheumatic heart disease - most
-Sometimes endocarditis -Calcification of the mitral annulus |
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What are 5 common symptoms of Mitral Stenosis?
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-Dyspnea
-Hemoptysis (bronchial vein rupture) -Sx of pulmonary HTN -Right heart failure -Pulm embolism |
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What does the murmur of mitral stenosis sound like?
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-Opening snap
-Diastolic apical rumble |
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What exam findings are seen in Mitral stenosis?
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-Increased S1
-Decreased pulses -Signs of right heart failure - JVD, edema |
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What are the treatments for Mitral stenosis?
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-Percutaneous balloon valvotomy if no regurg or thrombus
-Valve replacement |
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What are the complications of Mitral stenosis?
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-Atrial fibrillation
-Pulmonary HTN -Pulmonary embolus -Right heart failure |
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What are the common causes of Mitral valve Prolapse?
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-Idiopathic
-Familial -Ehlers-Danlos -Post MI -Reduced LV size -Flail leaflet |
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Though MV prolapse is often asymptomatic, what does the syndrome consist of?
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-Atypical Chest Pain
-Palpitations -Dizziness unrelated to valve dysfunction |
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What does the murmur of MV prolapse sound like?
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-Midsystolic click
-Murmur at the apex |
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What is the treatment for MV prolapse?
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Not usually needed
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What are the common causes of Mitral Insufficiency?
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-Endocarditis
-MI -Valve trauma -Mitral valve prolapse -Rheumatic heart disease |
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What are the symptoms of Mitral insufficiency, acute and chronic?
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-Acute is Cardiogenic shock
-Chronic - decreased exercise tolerance, fatigue, and dyspnea |
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What is the murmur of Mitral insufficiency like?
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Holosystolic
High pitched Best heard at the apex in left lateral decubitus position with the diaphragm of stethoscope |
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What other exam findings are associated with mitral insufficiency?
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-Decreased S1 (mitral and tricuspid valves)
-S3 present if acute left heart failure present |
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What are the treatments for acute and chronic mitral valve insufficiency?
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-Acute is surgery
-Chronic is valve repair or replacement if there is new afib and decreased LV systolic function |
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What are the complications of mitral valve insufficiency?
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-Heart failure
-Infectious endocarditis -Afib |
