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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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concentric hypertrophy
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from pressure overload (aortic/pulmonary stenosis or pulmonary hypertension)
-increase in systolic load |
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eccentric hypertrophy
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from volume overload, such as valve insufficiency
(increase in diastolic load) |
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common causes of left-sided heart failure
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acquired mitral valve insufficiency (most common for dogs, esp small breeds)
-cardiomyopathy (affects bot sides, but shows as left-side failure) |
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common causes of right heart failure
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left heart failure
-cor pulmonale |
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PDA
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most common congenital heart defect
-continuous "machinery" murmur -left to right shunting -left ventricle eccentric hypertrophy due to volume overload -lungs over-perfused (arteries and veins enlarged) |
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atrial septal defect
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-left to right shunt
-right atrial dilation due to volume overload -lungs over-perfused (pulmonary vessels enlarged) |
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ventricular septal defect
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-common defect (most common defect in cattle)
-left to right shunt -right ventricular dilation due to volume overload |
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Tetralogy of Fallot
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-Ventricular septal defect
-over-riding aorta -pulmonic stenosis -Right ventricular enlargement -left to right shunt due to septal defect, right to left shunt due to over-riding aorta -results in pressure and volume overload in right ventricle |
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most common diastolic murmur caused by ____
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aortic stenosis (blood flows backward toward valve after it closes)
-aortic stenosis murmur is sometimes systolic |
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valves heard from left side
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pulmonic, aortic, mitral
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valves heard from right side
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tricuspid
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AV valve dysplasia
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more common in cats
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persistant right aortic arch
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-ligamentum arteriosum traps esophagus against trachea
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porto-systemic shunt
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liver problems early
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endocardial fibroelastosis
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inherited in Burmese cats
-progressive collagen and elastic fiber deposition -left heart dilation due to loss of compliance |
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valvular cysts
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common on young calves
-filled with blood or lymph |
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high-altitude disease
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AKA brisket disease
-In certain cows, hypoxia causes pulmonary constriction, causing right heart hypertrophy |
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medial hypertrophy of feline pulmonary arteries
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muscular layer of arteries hypertrophies
-cause unknown -no clinical effects |
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cardiac hyperplasia
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not seen because myocytes cannot divide
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primary neoplasia on the heart
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hemangiosarcoma most common (right atrium)
-chemodectoma (heart base tumor) 2nd |
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sign of all cardiac neoplasia
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pericardial effusion
-acute is more severe |
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chemodectoma, most common types
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most common is aotric body tumor
-next is ectopic thyroid/parathyroid |
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brown atrophy of the heart
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patches (or diffuse) lipofuscin accumulation
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endocardiosis
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most common cardio-vascular lesion seen in practice
-often small dogs -proliferation of connective tissue on valves -smooth, white nodules -most common cause of mitral valve disease in dogs |
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focal fibroelastosis
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""jet lesions"
-response to altered blood flow or tubrulence -blood hits the wall and forms a scar |
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myocardial necrosis
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can be due to toxins, ischemia, cardiomyopathies
-pale in first 24 hours -fibrosis after a week -more fibrosis and possible aneurysm after several weeks |
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toxins that can cause myocardial necrosis
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Monensin (used in cattle, chickens, toxic for horses)
-gossypol toxic to ruminants -chemotherapuetic drugs for dogs -blister beetle for horses |
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brain-heart syndrome
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abnormal stimulation of heart after head injury
-occurs several days after |
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myopathies cause by oxidative stress
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vitamin e or selenium deficiency
-white muscle disease in calves (mulberry heart in pigs) |
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exertional myopathy
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-Tying up in horses
-Capture myopathy -myocytes use up all energy and begin to fail, leading to intracellular edema, ischemia and necrosis -azoturia and myoglobinuria can cause renal dysfunction |
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porcine stress syndrome
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-hereditary defect in ion channels causes excessive muscle contraction
-results in sudden death from malignant hyperthermia and pale, soft exudative pork |
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malignant hyperthermia in dogs
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exercise-induced
-Labs |
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visceral gout
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urate deposits in tissues (pericaridum common location)
-birds and reptiles -caused by renal dysfunction |
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2 viruses in dogs that can cause myocarditis
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parvo, distemper
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fibrinous pericarditis
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"Cor villosum" or "bread and butter pericarditis
-sepsis causes fibrin deposits -can lead to adhesions |
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Pullorum disease of chickens
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-suppurative pericarditis caused by Salmonella
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vegetative valvular endocarditis
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-hematogenous infecttion
-seen more in cattle, pigs -signs are intermittant fever, lethargy, lameness |
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granulomatous myocarditis
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-can be caused by Chaga's disease
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dilated/congestive cardiomyopathy
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-basketball heart
-cause unknown -symptoms will be left heart failure (pulmonary edema) -common in large dog breeds -in cats, caused by taurine deficiency |
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hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
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-not common in dogs
-signs are from left heart failure -can also cause sudden death - |
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Doberman cardiomyopathy
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fat deposited between myocytes
-less contractility |
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thyro-toxic myocarditis
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-marked tachycardia,may have murmur
-totally reversible if caught early |
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equine sudden death syndrome
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-sudden death, usually during exercise
-pulmonary edema -cause unknown |
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causes of arterial rupture
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Spirocerca lupi, Strongylus vulgaris, low Cu in mares
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arteriosclerosis
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-seen in cattle with Johne's disease
-plaques of collagen and elastic tissue -not usually severe enough to cause problems |
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athrosclerosis
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sometimes seen in older dogs with hypothyroidism and hypercholesterolemia
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things that cause metastatic mineralization of arteries
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vitamin D toxicity, some plant compounds, chronic renal disease, hyperadrenocorticism
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arterial degeneration from chronic renal failure
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high levels of ammonia toxic to endothelial cells
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myo-intimal proliferation
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heartworm disease
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anasarca
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whole body edema
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tall p waves
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p pulmonale
-right atrial enlargement -tachycardia can also make p waves tall |
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wide p waves
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p mitrale
-may also be notched |
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things that cause prolonged P-R interval
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first degree AV block
-vagal tone -hyperkalemia |
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increase in width or height of QRS complex
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left ventricular enlargement
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T wave reverses direction on same lead
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warning of myocardial hypoxia
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Large T waves associated with hyper- or hypokalemia?
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hyperkalemia
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electrolyte abnormality effect on Q-T interval
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most lengthen
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Deep S wave
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right ventricular enlargement
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wide QRS, deep Q, tall R, normal MEA
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bi-ventricular enlargement
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