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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Path of the cardio conduction system:
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SA node (pacemaker)-Bachmann's bundle - AV node - Bundle of HIS- bundle branches-Purkinje fibers.
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Identify the BPM of:
SA node AV node Purkinje fibers |
60-100 BPM
40-60 BPM 30-40 BPM |
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ECG:
The p wave shows: |
atrial contraction (atrial depolarization)
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ECG:
The PR interval shows: |
time from the firing of SA node until the impulse reaches AV node
0.12-0.20 sec |
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ECG:
The QRS complex shows: |
ventricular contraction (atrial repolarization)
0.08-0.12 sec |
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ECG:
T wave shows: |
ventricular repolarization
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ECG:
QT interval: |
Length of time from ventricular depolarization to ventricular repolarization.
Varies inversely w/ HR |
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What nerve reduces HR?
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The vagus nerve (parasympathetic), using acetylcholine.
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What is the Frank-Starling law?
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Relates resting sarcomere length (volume of blood at end/ diastole) to force of contraction in systole.
Stretch of Heart = force/contraction *only good to certain point* |
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What is Laplace's law?
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Amt. / tension in ventricle depends on size (radius and thickness) of ventricle.
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What is Poiseuille's Formula?
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Resistance to fluid flow through a tube takes into account the length of the tube, the viscosity of the fluid, and the radius of tube's lumen
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Preload
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Pressure in left ventricle at end of diastole.
= volume of ventricle |
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Afterload
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Resistance to blood ejection from left ventricle.
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Stroke Volume
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Amt./blood per contraction
60-100 ml/beat |
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Cardiac output
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HR x SV = 4-6 L/min
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Ejection fraction
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amt/ blood ejected from ventricle during contraction
norm= 60-75% |
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heart sound 1
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lub--closure of AV valves
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heart sound 2
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dub--closure of semi-lunar valves
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heart sound 3
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vibration of vent. walls--increased filling of ventricles. Normal to age 30
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heart sound 4
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rushing blood into a stiffened ventricle
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murmurs
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turbulent blood through abnorm. valve
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rub
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inflamed pericardium
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snap
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opening of stiff stenotic AV valve
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click
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same as snap, but for semi-lunar valves.
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hum
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turbulent blood at low pressure. Usually venous.
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What is the fundamental originator of atherosclerosis?
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inflmmation (injured endothelials-foam cells-fatty streak-free rads-fibrous plaque-complicated lesion)
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What is stable angina?
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Recurrent and predicatable pain, transient, due to ischemia. May radiate--commonly dismissed as indigestion.
Usually relieved w/ rest or nitrates. |
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What is prinzmental angina?
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Unpredictable pain--usually at rest. Transient vasospasm of coronary artery(ies).
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What is silent ischemia?
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Asymptomatic ischemia. Often occurs w/ DM, Cardio neuropathy, or mental stress.
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What is unstable angina?
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Sudden pain; result of reversible ischemia and a sign of impending infarction.
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What is ventilation?
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mechanical movement of gas (breathing)
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What is respiration?
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exchange of gases in cells
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What is the respiratory center?
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Found in brain stem
DRG= normal regulation VRG= during increased rate (exercise, e.g.) |
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What is the role of surfactant?
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reduces surface tension (reverses Laplace's Law: With surfactant present, <radius= <surface tension; >radius= > surface tension)
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What are two abnormalities of lung compliance?
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too great compliance; = diff. expiration
too little compliance; = diff. inspiration |
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V/Q ratio
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Relationship between ventilation and perfusion.
Norm. = 0.8 (perfusion = greater than ventilation) *important for dx PTE* |
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What is normal adult RR?
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12-20 breaths per min.
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What is an oxyhemoglobin "shift to the left"?
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(think L for lungs)
lungs have increased affinity for O2. can= alkalosis, hypocapnia, hypothermia |
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What is an oxyhemoglobin "shift to the right"?
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Increased body tissue affinity for O2.
can= acidosis, hypercapnia, hyperthermia |
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What are normal ABGs?
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pH: 7.35-7.45
pCO2: 35-45 mm/Hg pO2: 80-100 mm/Hg HCO3: 22-26 mEq/L O2 sat: 96-98% *normally taken from radial artery--always done w/ arterial blood* |
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What are the basic means of treatment for pulmonary ailments?
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O2; CPAP; D/C smoking; medication, exercise, surgery
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What are hypertensive BPs?
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Pre-hyper = 120-139/80-89
Stage 1 = 140-159/90-99 Stage 2 = 160+/100+ |
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What are common S/S of emphysema?
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dyspnea, barrel chest, prolonged expiration.
Late Disease = productive cough, hypoventilation, PV, Cor pulmonale |
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What are CA pneumonia organisms?
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Strep pneumoniae
Mycoplasma pneumoniae Inflienza virus |
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What are HA pneumonia organisms?
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Pseudomonas aerugenosa
Staph aureus *HIV = Pnuemocystis carnii* |
