Cardio Cont

Front 1

Patency

Back 1

opening that should close upon birth....results in murmer

Front 2

2 common defects of patency
ASD

Back 2

Foramen stays open instead of closing at birth
greater pressure of left atrium...pushes blood into rigt atrium...greater volume of blood goes into lungs..may have congestion

Front 3

VSD

Back 3

Most common heart defect
muscle of ventricular wall doesnt completely grow together...excessive blood going into lungs.

Front 4

Venous disease

Back 4

lead to problems related to blood pooling in peripheral veins...known as venous stasis or venous congestion

Front 5

Arterial disease

Back 5

lead to problems related to ischemia....associated with narrowing of arterial vessels

Front 6

Venous insufficiency

Back 6

problems with backflow.
veins have valves..venous insuficiency is floppy valves

Front 7

Venous thrombus
DVT

Back 7

Virchow's triad-
injury to endothelium vein
stasis of blood flow
hypercoagulability

Front 8

Thrombophlebitis

Back 8

vein inflammation due to thrombus.

Front 9

venous embolus

Back 9

part of thrombus that breaks off

Front 10

Coumadin

Back 10

decreases bodys ability to clot by diminishing ability of vitamin k to participate in synthesis of prothrombin.

Front 11

Heparin

Back 11

combines with antithrombin to block thrombin

Front 12

Arteriosclerosis

Back 12

Chronic disease in which artery walls become thick and harden

Front 13

Atherosclerosis

Back 13

fatty deposit......DECREASED PERFUSION

Front 14

Hypertension

Back 14

consistent elevation of systemic arterial blood
PRIMARY HTN- or idiopathic..most common.
SECONDARY HTN- caused by disease process such as a tumor.

Front 15

Patho of HTN

Back 15

Overactivity of sympathetic nervous system and
overactivity of RAAS

Front 16

Peripheral artery disease (PAD)

Back 16

disease of arterial vessels outside the heart....usually caused by hypertension..
ischemic pain
fem-pop bypass.

Front 17

Aneurysms

Back 17

localized dilation or outpouching of arterial vessel wall.
PAD and HTN increase risk
brain and aorta susceptible

Front 18

Arterial thrombi

Back 18

forms in pockets where arterial flow is sluggish or where artery walls are injured

Front 19

Sinoatrial node

Back 19

just above tricuspid valve...AKA pacemaker of the heart...60-100 beats per min. Gets nourishment from right coronary artery.

Front 20

Cardiac output

Back 20

4-6 ml/min
4 factors: preload, afterload,HR, and contractility.

Front 21

Preload

Back 21

Blood in circulatory system.....blood coming back to the heart.
veins and volume

Front 22

Afterload

Back 22

arteries and resistance
resistance to ejection of blood from ventricles.

Front 23

SVR

Back 23

afterload to the left ventricle ejection of blood.
Increase in SVR- VASOCONSTRICTION CO DECREASES
Decrease in SVR- VASODILATION
CO INCREASES

Front 24

PVR

Back 24

afterload to the right ventricle ejection of blood
Increase in PVR VASOCONSTRICTION

Front 25

Inotrope

Back 25

anything that affects the contractility of the heart.

Front 26

Bradycardia

Back 26

less than 60 beats per minute

Front 27

Tachycardia

Back 27

greater than 100 beats per minute

Front 28

PVC

Back 28

Early beat that originates in the ventricles instead of SA node.....feels like heart skipping a beat.

Front 29

VFIB

Back 29

Causes ventricles to quiver instead of contracting.

Front 30

Hypokalemia

Back 30

hyperpolarizes myocardial cells making it harder for SA node to fire....sluggish heart.

Front 31

Hyperkalemia

Back 31

Renal problems because kidneys cant excrete K normally

Front 32

CAD
Coronary artery disease

Back 32

A vascular disorder that narrows or occludes the coronary arteries.
Link between CAD and elevated levels of homocysteine

Front 33

Infarction

Back 33

tissue necrosis that is due to ischemia

Front 34

Angina

Back 34

pain can radiate to left arm, jaw, and back.\buildup of lactic acid.

Front 35

RCA

Back 35

feeds oxygen and nutrients to right ventricle and posterior portion of heart and SA node.

Front 36

LCA

Back 36

feeds oxygen and nutrients to left artium and ventricle.

Front 37

CAD Classification

Back 37

stable angina and acute coronary syndrome

Front 38

stable angina

Back 38

slow development of plaque..may only form with vigorous exercise...symptoms go away when one NTG tablet is taken.

Front 39

acute coronary syndrome

Back 39

sudden plaque development or worsening of existing plaque...manifested by unstable angina or myocardial infarction

Front 40

unstable angina

Back 40

someone with stable angina develops a change for the worse...may need 3 NTG tabs

Front 41

Myocardial infarction

Back 41

higher troponin level ..more extensive the damage.

Front 42

acute pericarditis

Back 42

inflammation of outer lining of heart....causes irritation of the membranes and increases the amount of pericardial fluid. can be caused by autoimmune disorders or a sequela of MI. Chest pain when lying down.

Front 43

Endocarditis

Back 43

caused when bacteria or other microbe enters the heart via bloodstream.

Front 44

rheumatic fever

Back 44

autoimmune disease triggered after strep infection

Front 45

stenosis

Back 45

narrowing, stiffness...adversely affects full opening...chanber behind must work harder to eject blood.

Front 46

LHF
Left heart failure

Back 46

AKA Congestive heart failure...left ventricle is unable to generate adequate CO.
Symptoms are lung related problems
Cardiogenic pulmonary edema.

Front 47

RHF
Right heart failure

Back 47

LHF is the most common cause of RHF....when RHF is caused by a lung process known as Cor Pulmonale

Front 48

BNP

Back 48

Measures heart failure....BNP is triggered when we have fluid overload.

Front 49

shock

Back 49

inadequate perfusion of tissues...usually do to hypotension.

Front 50

Cardiogenic shock

Back 50

shock occurs when there is inadequate cardiac output.
would give a positive inotrope.