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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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From where does the sympathetic outflow come?
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thoracolumbar
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From where does the parasympathetic outflow come?
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carniosacral
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Where does the circadian rhythm originate?
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SCN
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Which retinal ganglai entrain the circadian rhtym?
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melanopsin-containing ones
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Where is autonomic outflow integrated to the CV system?
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medulla
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How does information about blood volume get to the brain?
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glossopharyngeal nerve from carotid arteries, vagus from aorta, to nucleus tractus solitarius in posterior medulla
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How is parasympathetic outflow regulated?
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excitatory neurons from NTS to dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus
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How is sympathetic outflow regulated?
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inhibitory neurons with GABA, innervate ventral medulla (esp rostral ventrolateral medulla)
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What is pathology of baroreflex failure?
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destruction of the NTS or its afferent input
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What is the clinical presentation of baroreflex failure?
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acute period of dramatic hypertension during which stroke or pulmonary edema may occur, syndrome of wide swings in BP, pressure determined by anxiety, sedation, noise, and sunlight
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What is glossopharyngeal neuralgia?
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9th nerve is damage, severe throat pain associated with hypotension and bradycardia, due to massive spontaneous afferent discharges of hte glossopharyngeal nerve, parasympathetic activation and sympathetic withdrawl
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Waht is the NT in the adrenal medulla?
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Epi
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What is the NT in the CNS?
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Epi
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What is the NT in the para-aortic bodies?
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Epi
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Where does DA function?
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in CNS, some in superior cervical ganglion and kidney
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What are the categories of purinergic receptors?
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P1 and P2
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How fast is choline acetyltransferase?
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faster than the rate of ACh synthesis
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Where is choline acetyltransferase active?
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cytoplasm
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Where is most ACh found?
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bound form in vessels
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What is the rate limiting step of ACh synthesis?
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action of choline transporter
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How do choline acetyltransferase inhibitors affect the levels of bound ACh?
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they don't really, it's already synthesized
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What does metryrosine do?
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inhibits tyrosine hydroxylase
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Where is dopa decarboxylase active?
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cytoplasm
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What does dopa decarboxylase do?
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dopa to dopamine
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What does carbidopa do?
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inhibits non-neuronal dopa decarboxylase
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Why would you give carbidopa to a Parkinson's patient?
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limits peripheral dopamine production during dopamine therapy, limits peripheral side effects
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Where do you find Dopamine-Beta-Hyrdoxylase?
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in membrane of amine storage granules
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What are clinical symptoms of DA-B-OHase deficiency?
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lifelong orthostatic hypotension, ptosis
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What is in the sympathetic neurons of a person with DA-B-OHase deficiency?
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lots of dopamine, but no NE
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How do you treat DA-B-OHase deficiency?
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droxidopa
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What converts NE to Epi?
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phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase
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Where do you find phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase?
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adrenal medulla, brain, organ of Zuckerkandl, trace in other locations
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What increases activity of phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase?
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glucocorticoids
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Where do you find neuronal NE?
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vesicles
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What kind of drug is Prazosin?
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blocks alpha-1 receptors wihtout blocking alpha-2 receptors
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What is the Beta3 receptor sensitive to?
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NE, not blocked by usual beta-antagonists
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What does the Beta3 receptor do?
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mediates heat production and energy expenditure in adipose tissue, plays a role in energy metabolism in brown adipose tissue in mammals
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What is Horner's syndrome?
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sympathetic nerves to the eye are interrupted
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What are clinical features of Horner's Syndrome?
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miosis, ipsilateral anhidrosis, ipsilateral ptosis
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How do you diagnose Horner's syndrome?
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alpha1 agonist will dilate the constricted pupil
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How does hydroxyamphetamine affect Horner's syndrome?
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If the nerve innervating the iris is intact, it will dilate the pupil
if the most peripheral nerve is damaged, it won't work |
