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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What electrical event does the P wave correspond to?
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Electrical: Depolarization of the atria
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What electrical event does the QRS wave correspond to?
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Electrical: Depolarization of both ventricles
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What electrical event does the T wave correspond to?
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Electrical: Repolarization of the ventricles
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What electrical event does the PR interval correspond to?
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Electrical: AV Nodal Delay
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What electrical event does the TP interval correspond to?
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Electrical: Time between action potentials
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Is left ventricular volume higher at ESV or EDV?
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ESV
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Describe the events between the P wave and half way through the T wave:
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The atrial valves open, allowing blood to come into the ventricles, when it is ejected into systemic circulation
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What events occurs at EDV?
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Isovolumetric ventricular contraction and the first heart sound (S1)
This occurs during the second half of the T wave |
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What event occurs at ESV?
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Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation and the second heart sound (S2)
This is preceded by the QRS complex |
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When does the ejection phase occur and what happens during it?
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It occurs after EDV, S1 sound, and the QRS complex. It also occurs during the ST interval.
During it, aortic and L ventricular pressure peak and L ventricular volume drops rapidly while L atrial pressure drops a bit. |
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What is the equation for Stroke Volume and what is it?
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SV = EDV-ESV; it is how much blood is pumped out during each contraction
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What is cardiac output and what is the equation for it?
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CO = SV x HR
It is how much blood the heart pumps relative to heart rate. |
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What is the equation for flow rate?
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F = Delta-P / Resistance
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What is the dicrotic notch?
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It is the temporary spike in aortic pressure during S2, directly after the ejection phase.
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Where do arterioles form?
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At the entrance of organs
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Viscosity is determined by:
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hematocrit levels (linear relationship)
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A doubling in vessel radius results in a () fold increase in flow.
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16
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Systolic pressure is:
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stretch of the artery walls caused by blood flow
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What energy moves blood along arteries and allows for perfusion?
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Rebound from stretch
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Arterial blood pressure is:
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the force of blood against the arteries
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What is the tendency for arteries to expand and stretch called?
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Compliance
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Distensibility is:
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the elastic nature of the blood vessels, causing stretch and rebound, providing force
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Pulse pressure is:
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the difference between diastolic and systolic pressure
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What is mean arterial pressure?
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The average pressure in an artery at any given time
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How is MAP calculated?
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Either diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure or MAP = CO x TPR
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Arterial and ventricular pressure are inversely/linearly related.
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Inversely
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Brachial taps during BP reading are a result of:
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the blood flow from each heart beat pushing against the arterial wall
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The smooth muscle wrapped around the arterioles determines:
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the radius of the arterioles depending on various factors
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What determines resting radius of arterioles?
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the inherent tone set by the smooth muscle surrounding them
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Intrinsic factors for arterioles include:
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local metabolic changes, histamine release, application of heat or cold, and myogenic response to strech
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What local metabolic changes in arterioles cause vasodilation?
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Lowered 02, increased CO2, lowered pH, and increased Adenosine (increased metabolism)
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What local metabolic changes in arterioles cause vasoconstriction?
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Increased 02, decreased CO2, increased pH, and decreased Adenosine (decreased metabolism)
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What is the local vasodilator in arterioles?
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Nitric oxide (works on smooth muscle)
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What is the local vasoconstrictor in arterioles?
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Endothelin (works on smooth muscle)
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Mean arterial pressure is analagous to:
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pressure gradient
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Total peripheral resistance is most influenced by:
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arteriolar resistance (greater diameter = lower resistance = lower TPR)
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Mean arterial pressure is calculated using the equation:
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MAP = CO x TPR
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