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206 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the correct order of circulation in the body?
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Right atrium Right Ventricle Pulmonary Artery Lungs Pulmonary Vein Left Atrium Left Ventricle Aorta Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins Venae Cavae
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Name two of the three portal systems in the body
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Kidney, Liver, and Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Portal System
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Using no more than one sentence, explain why pressure is lost in the systemic circulation
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Friction (Driving Pressure) is the pressure created in the ventricles
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If the flow rate is measured as 8 cm^3/min and the cross-sectional area is measured to be 3 cm^2, calculate the velocity
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8/3=2.667 cm per minute
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The membrane of the heart is called the ___1.___, while the muscle of the heart is referred to as the ____2.____
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1. pericardium
2. myocardium |
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The valve found between the left atrium and the left ventricle is the:
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Mitral (biscuspid) valve
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The atrioventricular valves are connected to collagenous cords that help to "tether" and keep them from going into the atria. Name these cords.
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Chordae Tendineae
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During ventricular contraction, the AV valves are (open/closed) and the semilunar valves are (open/closed).
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Closed
Open |
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The ___________ contain gap junctions and desmosomes that allow waves of depolarization and force to be transferred from cell-to-cell, respectively
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intercalated disks
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Name the specific mechanism that allows calcium to be released in cardiac muscle cells.
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Calcium-Induced Calcium Release
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The intracellular calcium levels are regulated by two proteins found within cardiac cells. Name one of the two proteins responsible for this regulation.
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Ca++ ATPase or Na+/Ca++ Antiport Protein
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Briefly explain why cardiac muscle cannot achieve tetanus. Specifically state what ion contributes to this particular type of contraction.
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Refractory Period and Contraction End Simultaneously; Calcium is responsible for the action potential "plateau".
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Name the fluid that lubricates the surface of the heart.
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Pericardial Fluid
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Name one of the two catecholamines responsible for controlling the force and duration of contraction.
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Epinephrine or Norepinephrine
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The area of the heart that rests on the diapragm is the ________.
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apex
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A constricted vessel will exhibit an (increase/decreased) velocity of flow when compared to a dilated vessel.
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Increased
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Name the muscles that are connected to the collagenous cords within the heart. These muscles help to control the function of the AV valves.
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Papillary Muscles
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Which leads did you use to fill in electrical axis on the diagram?
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I, III
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What is the resting state of the autorythmic cells called?
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Pacemaker Potential
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When the sympathetic nervous system acts on the heart, what happens (specifically)?
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Speeds up Heart Rate
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What node is the main pacemaker for the heart?
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SA Node
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What mechanical function does the AV node allow?
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The delay of ventricular contraction AND/OR Allows for correct contraction
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What path does depolarization take from the AV node to the rest of the heart?
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AV-Bundle-Branches-purkinje fibers
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Which part of the ventricle contracts first?
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Apex
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What is the correct set of leads to get a correct looking ECG?
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Left arm (+); Right arm (-); Left Leg (ground)
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What does the Q wave stand for?
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Going down bundle branches into Apex
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In an ECG what does the QRS complex relate to? (hint there are two events)
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The depolarization of the ventricle and repolarization of the artia
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During which interval in the ECG do the ventricles contract?
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Q-T
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How many valves are in the heart?
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4
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What mechanism makes valves close?
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Fluid flowing back
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What is isovolumetric contraction?
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When the ventricle contracts but nothing goes in or out
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What makes the first sound of the heart beating?
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The mitral valves snapping shut
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How many leaflets does the mitral valve have?
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2
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How many leaflets does the aortic valve have?
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3
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When does the ventricle have the least amount of blood in it?
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During isovolumic relaxation
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Why doesn't blood from the veins continuously pour into the atria during the heart cycle?
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The pressure in the atria is greater than the pressure in the veins and pressure only flows down its gradient.
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What is systole?
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Contraction
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A person has an end-diastolic volume of 98 mL, an end-systolic volume of 40 mL and A heart rate of 60 bpm. What is their cardiac out put?
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(98-40)x60=3480 ml/m
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Is the strength of an ECG signal greater to, less than or equal to that measured directly in a myocardial cell?
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Less than
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What property do arteries have which allows them to send blood forward into the circulatory system?
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Elastic recoil
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Blood always flows __________ its pressure gradient.
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down
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When measuring blood pressure, what are the noises you hear? What is their specific name?
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The pushing of blood through the arteries, turbulent flow, pustules ect
Korotkoff noises |
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Which artery in your arm do you put the stethoscope on while taking blood pressure?
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Brachial
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A person has a systolic pressure of 130 mm Hg and a diastolic pressure of 85 mm Hg. What is their MAP?
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85+(130-85)(1/3)=100mm Hg
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Where in the body is blood pressure sensed?
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Baroreceptors in the carotid arteries and aorta
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In lab, what happened to your pulse in your thumb when you lowered your hand to the ground?
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It got bigger
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What two cell types are involved in producing a coordinated heart contraction?
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Cardiac autorhythmic cells and cardiac contractile cells.
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How do the cardiac autorhythmic cells and cardiac contractile cells work together to produce a coordinated heart contraction?
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Action potentials generated by autorhythmic cells, create waves of depolarization that spread to contractile cells via gap junctions.
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Before cardiac autorhythmic and contractile cells depolarize, what is the charge inside and outside the cell?
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Inside cell: Negative
Outside cell: Positive |
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When cardiac autorhythmic and contractile cells depolarize, what happens to the charge inside and outside the cell?
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Charge becomes negative outside, positive inside.
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When cardiac autorhythmic and contractile cells repolarize, what happens to the charge inside and outside the cell?
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Charge becomes positive outside, negative inside
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When do cardiac contractile cells contract and relax with respect to depolarization and
repolarization of the cell? |
The cells depolarize first, then the muscle contracts, repolarization occurs, and the cells relax.
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Embedded in the plasma membrane of an autorhythmic cell are protein channels that allow sodium, calcium, and potassium to move into or out of the cell. In which direction do the ions move through these channels?
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Sodium and calcium move into the cell, potassium moves out of the cell.
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What is the function of gap junctions?
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Gap Junction connects adjacent cardiac cells, allowing ions to pass between cells. When ions pass from one cell to another, they cause depolarization in the other cell.
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What are the three steps in the initiation of action potential in an autorhythmic cell?
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1. Pacemaker Potential 2. Depolarization and Reversal of the Membrane Potential 3. Repolarization
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What is responsible for the pacemaker potential?
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Autorhythmic cells slowly but spontaneously depolarize due to a slow continuous influx of sodium through the sodium channels.
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What two cell types are involved in producing a coordinated heart contraction?
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Cardiac autorhythmic cells and cardiac contractile cells.
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How do the cardiac autorhythmic cells and cardiac contractile cells work together to produce a coordinated heart contraction?
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Action potentials generated by autorhythmic cells, create waves of depolarization that spread to contractile cells via gap junctions.
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Before cardiac autorhythmic and contractile cells depolarize, what is the charge inside and outside the cell?
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Positive out, negative in.
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When cardiac autorhythmic and contractile cells depolarize, what happens to the charge inside and outside the cell?
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Charge becomes negative outside, positive inside.
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When cardiac autorhythmic and contractile cells repolarize, what happens to the charge inside and outside the cell?
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Charge becomes positive outside, negative inside
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When do cardiac contractile cells contract and relax with respect to depolarization and
repolarization of the cell? |
The cells depolarize first, then the muscle contracts, repolarization occurs, and the cells relax.
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Embedded in the plasma membrane of an autorhythmic cell are protein channels that allow sodium, calcium, and potassium to move into or out of the cell. In which direction do the ions move through these channels?
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Sodium and calcium move into the cell, potassium moves out of the cell.
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What is the function of gap junctions?
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Gap Junction connects adjacent cardiac cells, allowing ions to pass between cells. When ions pass from one cell to another, they cause depolarization in the other cell.
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What are the three steps in the initiation of action potential in an autorhythmic cell?
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1. Pacemaker Potential 2. Depolarization and Reversal of the Membrane Potential 3. Repolarization
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What is responsible for the pacemaker potential?
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Autorhythmic cells slowly but spontaneously depolarize due to a slow continuous influx of sodium through the sodium channels.
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What is the order of steps in an action potential within an autorhythmic cell? (write letters in the correct order)
a. Fast calcium channels open and positively-charged calcium ions rush in. b. Depolarization peaks at about +10 mV. c. Autorhythmic cell starts out at resting membrane potential (~-60 mV), positive out, negative in. d. When the membrane potential gets to -40 millivolts, it has reached threshold for initiating an action potential. e. Potassium channels open, resulting in potassium rapidly leaving the cell. f. Cell begins depolarizing due to a slow continuous influx of sodium. g. Calcium influx produces the rapidly rising phase of the action potential (depolarization), which results in the reversal of membrane potential from negative to positive inside the cell. h. Membrane potential goes from +10 mV to resting membrane potential (-60 mV). |
c,f,d,a,g,b,e,h
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What is responsible for reestablishing ion levels in autorhythmic cells?
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Ionic pumps actively transport calcium back to the extracellular space during repolarization. Na+/K+ pumps also pump sodium out and potassium in.
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Match the following events in autorhythmic cells:
A. Repolarization B. Pacemaker Potential C. Depolarization and reversal of the membrane x. due to influx of sodium y. due to efflux of potassium z. due to influx of calcium |
A. Repolarization = y
B. Pacemaker Potential = x C. Depolarization and reversal of the membrane = z |
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What allows depolarization to move from autorhythmic cells to the contractile cells?
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Gap junctions
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What allows depolarization to move from one contractile cell to another contractile cells?
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Gap junctions
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Where is calcium stored within contractile cells?
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In the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
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What are the three steps in the action potential in a contractile cell?
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1. Depolarization 2. Plateau 3. Repolarization
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What's the difference between the blood in the right side of the heart and the left side of the heart?
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In the right side of the heart, the blood is oxygen-poor, CO2-rich. In the left side of the heart, the blood is oxygen-rich, CO2-poor.
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Where does the blood go that is pumped out of the right heart?
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To the lungs
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What happens to the blood in the lungs?
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It receives oxygen
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Where does the blood go that is pumped out of the left heart?
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To the organs and the tissues of the rest of the body (besides the lungs)
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What are the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit?
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Pulmonary Circuit: Oxygen-poor blood is pumped from the right side of the heart to the lungs. Here it receives oxygen and travels back to the left heart.
Systemic Circuit: The left side of the heart pumps oxygen-rich blood out to the body's tissues and organs. After the bloods oxygen is depleted, it returns to the right side of the heart. |
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What three structural features are found on histological images of cardiac muscle?
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Nuclei, Intercalated Disks, and Cardiac Myofibrils
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What are the names of the two types of cell junctions in cardiac muscle cells?
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Desmosomes and gap junctions
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What is the function of desmosomes?
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The desmosomes are anchoring junctions that hold adjacent cells together.
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What is the function of gap junctions?
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The gap junctions allow the stimulating impulse to move across the heart, from cell-to-cell, so the heart beats as an entire unit.
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What is autoregulation?
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The process by which the various organs and tissues of the body self-regulate blood delivery.
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Where does blood flow regulation occur?
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At the capillary beds.
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Where does exchanges of materials take place between tissue cells and the blood?
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Only in the true capillaries.
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What regulates the flow of blood into the true capillaries?
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Precapillary sphincters.
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The build-up of certain chemical signals in an area of the body can act as a metabolic control, bringing more blood to the capillaries of the area. What two types of blood vessels do these chemical signals affect and how do they work?
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(1) The chemicals cause the feeder arterioles to dilate, bringing more blood into the local area. (2) The chemicals also cause the precapillary sphincters to relax allowing blood to enter the capillaries.
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Will the precapillary sphincters open or close in a capillary bed that is high in oxygen? Explain.
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Close, because if the oxygen levels in the tissue cells are high, no more blood flow is needed in that area until the oxygen levels are lower again.
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Will the precapillary sphincters open or close in a capillary bed that is high in carbon dioxide? Explain.
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Open. Carbon dioxide is a waste product. If it builds up in a capillary bed, then the precapillary sphincters will open to allow it to be removed from the area.
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Will the precapillary sphincters open or close in a capillary bed that has a high pH? Explain.
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Close. Typically acids that accumulate must be removed from tissues. So when there is a low pH a lot of acid is present and the precapillary sphincters open. When there is a high pH the precapillary sphincters close.
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Will the precapillary sphincters open or close in a capillary bed that is high in nutrients? Explain.
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Close. If nutrients are already present in a capillary bed, precapillary sphincters will close. They open when nutrients are needed.
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Why would a decreased blood pressure cause precapillary sphincters to open?
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It allows more blood to reach the capillary bed, even though the pressure is low.
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List three ways materials move from the lumen of the capillary into the interstitial spaces.
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(1). Through fenestrations (2) Through clefts (3) Via cytoplasmic vesicles
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What are fenestrations?
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Pores between capillary endothelial cells that may be opened or covered by a very delicate membrane.
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How do clefts differ from fenestrations?
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Fenestrations tend to be larger than clefts. Clefts are not covered by a membrane.
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Explain how materials are moved across an endothelial cell via bulk transport.
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The materials would be brought into the endothelial cell via endocytosis at the side of the cell facing the lumen of the capillary. The cytoplasmic vesicle moves to the side of the endothelial cell facing the interstitial fluid. Exocytosis occurs, which releases the materials into the interstitial fluid.
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Most solutes move across the capillary wall by diffusion. Define diffusion.
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The movement of solutes from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration.
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What happens if more fluid leaves the capillaries than is returned to the capillaries?
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The fluid enters the lymph capillaries and are carried back to the bloodstream.
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Why is the osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid typically very low?
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Because proteins which leak out of the blood are quickly gathered up by the lymph capillaries, keeping the protein concentration low.
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What are baroreceptors?
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Sensory receptors that detect increased pressure, by increased stretch in arterial walls.
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Where are the baroreceptors that sense blood pressure located?
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In the carotid sinus, aortic arch, and other large arteries of the neck and thorax.
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What happens to baroreceptors when blood pressure is high?
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Increased blood pressure stretches arterial walls, stimulating the baroreceptors. The result is an increase in sensory signals to the brain.
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What happens to both parasympathetic activity and sympathetic activity when blood pressure is high?
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Get increased parasympathetic activity and decreased sympathetic activity.
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What is angiotensinogen?
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An inactive plasma protein.
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How is angiotensinogen activated?
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It binds to renin which activates it into angiotensin I.
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What happens when aldosterone binds to the cells of the distal convoluted tubule?
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Sodium ions are reabsorbed from the filtrate within the distal convoluted tubule into the peritubular capillaries.
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How does aldosterone increase the blood volume and blood pressure?
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Aldosterone causes sodium to move into the bloodstream. The water that follows the sodium increases the blood volume and therefore the blood pressure.
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What effect does dehydration due to sweating, diarrhea, or excessive urine flow have on osmolarity of the blood, blood volume, and blood pressure?
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It increases the osmolarity of the blood, decreases the blood volume, and decreases the blood pressure.
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An increased osmolarity of the blood causes the release of what hormone? What is its effect? What is its mechanism to accomplish this?
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Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increases water reabsorption in the kidney by stimulating an increase in the number of water channels.
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What is the term used to express the force that blood exerts against the walls of blood vessels?
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Blood pressure.
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How is blood pressure generated?
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The heart pumps the blood, and that blood flow is met by resistance from blood vessel walls.
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In what units is blood pressure expressed?
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In millimeters of mercury (mm Hg).
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Does blood flow at the same rate in the exact center of a vessel compared to at the sides of the vessel?
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No. Blood flows faster in the center of the vessel compared to near the walls of the vessel.
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What is laminar flow and what causes it?
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Laminar flow is the tendency for blood to flow faster in the center of a vessel than near the sides. It is due to the friction (resistance) between the blood and the vessel walls.
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What is a pulse?
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A pressure wave which travels from your heart throughout the arteries.
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What is systolic pressure and what causes it?
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Systolic pressure is the maximum pressure exerted by the blood against the artery walls when the ventricles pump the blood out of the heart.
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What is ventricular systole?
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Contraction of the ventricles.
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What is a typical normal value for systolic pressure?
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About 120 mm Hg
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What does the dicrotic notch represent?
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The interruption of smooth flow due to the brief backflow of blood that closes the aortic semilunar valve when the ventricles relax.
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What is diastolic pressure and what causes it?
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Diastolic pressure is the lowest pressure in the artery. It's a result of the relaxation of the ventricle.
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What is ventricular diastole?
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Relaxation of the ventricles.
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What is pulse pressure?
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The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure.
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Why is mean arterial pressure closer to diastolic pressure than systolic pressure?
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Because the heart stays longer in diastole.
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Calculate the mean arterial pressure when systolic pressure is 120 mm Hg and the diastolic pressure is 80 mm Hg.
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Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) = Diastolic Pressure + 1/3 Pulse Pressure
~93 mm Hg = ~80 mm Hg + ~ 13 mm Hg |
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What do the sounds correspond to when a blood pressure is taken?
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The first sounds that are heard indicate systolic pressure. When the sounds stop, diastolic pressure has been reached.
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Match these terms to their characteristics:
Systolic Pressure Dicrotic Notch Diastolic Pressure Pulse Pressure Mean Arterial Pressure a. the throb you feel when you take your pulse b. interruption of smooth flow due to the brief backflow of blood c. result of ventricular diastole d. the force that propels the blood through the arteries e. the result of ventricular systole |
Systolic Pressure: the result of ventricular systole (e)
Dicrotic Notch: interruption of smooth flow due to the brief backflow of blood (b) Diastolic Pressure: result of ventricular diastole (c) Pulse Pressure: the throb you feel when you take your pulse (a) Mean Arterial Pressure: the force that propels the blood through the arteries (d) |
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Name the type of circulation that flows from the heart to the lungs and back to the
heart. |
pulmonary
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Name the three ions that mostly mediate myocardial action potential and contraction.
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Na+. K+, Ca2+
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Which artery did we listen to in the arm to hear Korotkoff sounds for finding blood
pressure? |
brachial
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The bicuspid (mitral) valve goes from where to where?
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left atrium to left ventricle
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Name the specialized fibers that rapidly transmit the action potential from the bundle branches to the ventricular myocardial cells
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Purkinje
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Name the main pacemaker of the heart.
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SA (sinoatrial) node
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We attach electrodes to the skin on both arms and the legs. Whose triangle is this?
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Einthoven's
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In isovolumic ventricular contraction what does "iso" mean?
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same
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What units is blood pressure taken in?
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mm Hg
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What anatomically prevents the backflow of blood in veins that arteries do not
possess? |
valves
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Where are the baroreceptors that sense blood pressure located?
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In the carotid sinus, aortic arch, and other large arteries of the neck and thorax.
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How would you determine if your patient has a left or right axis deviation?
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Do calculations and plotting based on QRS above and below baseline for Lead I and Lead III
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For a typical subject, why do you initially inflate the cuff to 180 mm Hg?
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That would be above systolic but not way too high
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What do the cardiac glycosides digitalis and ouabain do?
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block the sodium pump
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What would happen to heart rate if all parasympathetic and sympathetic inputs to the heart were instantly abolished while you were relaxed?
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heart would speed up
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When you hear the last sound while measuring blood pressure, what is the approximate pressure within the ventricle?
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At the moment arterial diastolic pressure is registered, ventricular and arterial pressures should be the same
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What hormone does renin activate?
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angiotensin
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If the SA node fails to trigger atrial excitation, the AV node, whose automaticity is slower, will eventually kick in. What would be conspicuously missing in the EKG?
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P wave
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Why don't you see atrial repolarization in the EKG?
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swamped out by ventricular depolarization
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Why do you only hear arterial blood flow when the pressure is between the systolic and diastolic values?
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that is when it is turbulent
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Which ventricle pumps to the pulmonary circulation?
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right
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Repolarization to baseline of autorhythmic cells as well as muscle cells in the heart is associated with an increased permeability to what ion?
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K+
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Compared to the aorta, blood flows faster/slower in capillaries.
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slower
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Long QT syndrome is a mutation in which ion channel?
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K+
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Developmentally the heart flips so that the atria move superior to the ventricles and
the base of the heart lies on top. This explains what unusual name for the "bottom" of the heart (tip of the ventricles)? |
apex
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Name the artery that runs from the right ventricle to the lungs.
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pulmonary
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List all of the letters of the electrical waves of the heart.
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PQRST
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Which wave of the ECG reflects the depolarization of the atria?
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P
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Which ECG waves (there are 3) are the depolarization of the ventricles?
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QRS
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What is the name for the period when the heart contracts?
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systole
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How many valves are in the heart?
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4
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Name the sac the surrounds the heart.
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pericardium
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What is the name of the diagram that shows the relationship between ECG, heart
sounds, and pressure and volume changes in the heart and aorta? |
Wiggers
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When we recorded the electrocardiogram with the old fashioned pen-writer, we deliberately altered the noise and temporal aspects of the recording with (what?).
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high pass filter (time constant) and low pass filter (filter)
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Relate how we determine electrical axis with Eindhoven's triangle.
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we measure ECG waves from the different ECG "leads." with two wrists and an ankle, different leads come from different connections of positive, negative and ground electrodes
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How does the electrical signal get from one heart muscle cell to another?
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by gap junctions
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Right before the ventricles contract, the arterial blood pressure is (what?)
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the diastolic level
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How does the typical resting pulse relate to the rate sinoatrial pacemaker cells would have if there were no autonomic input.
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slower b/c of parasympathetic
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A change in the action potential of (what cell type?) would explain the shorter QRS to T time during exertion?
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ventricular myocardial spike gets shorter
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How should your recording have looked? (Please draw two consecutive EKGs before and after exercise.
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show the ECGs closer together and the QRS and T closer
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What is the status of the valves between the atria and the ventricles during diastole?
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they are open
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Which cells automatically depolarize during diastole?
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pacemaker cells in the SA (sinoatrial) node (also in the AV node)
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What event marks the end of isovolumic ventricular contraction?
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the opening of the valves to the arteries (aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves)
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Your systolic blood pressure is 120. What are the units?
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mmHg
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How much blood flows from the left ventricle to the aorta during diastole?
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none
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Why can you hear sounds from the artery inside your elbow as the cuff pressure is lowered from the systolic to the diastolic pressure?
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turbulent blood flow
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What is the name of the artery inside your elbow where blood pressure is taken from?
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brachial
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Why did they decide that the mean arterial blood pressure should be closer to the diastolic than to the systolic pressure?
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you are in diastole more time than you are in systole
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List three common superficial arteries that can be used to measure pulse and briefly describe their location.
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Common carotid, temporal, facial, brachial, radial, femoral, popliteal, posterior tibial, dorsalis npedis, etc
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Name and describe the function of the specialized cell connection with gap junctions in cardiac muscle cells.
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Intercalated disk holds cells together, gap junctions conduct action potential
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Why do we not see atrial repolarization on an EKG?
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It is hidden by ventricular depolarization in the QRS complex.
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What is the lowest pressure value in your heart?
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0 mmHg. Arterial pressure is about 80 mmHg.
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What do you listen for when recording the systolic arterial blood pressure after blood has been cut off by the cuff?
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Korotkoff sounds
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What action of the heart is diagramed by the T wave of an EKG?
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Ventricular Repolarization
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What is the Mean Arterial Pressure of an individual with a systolic pressure of 118 mmHg and a diastolic pressure of 82 mmHg?
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94 mmHg (MAP= diastolic + (pulse pressure/3)) Pulse pressure = 118-82= 36
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What is the name of the diagram that describes the axes of the leads, or the vectors of the ECG directed toward the leads, when measuring cardiac function?
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Einthoven's Triangle
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Explain which lead is the isoelectric lead when measuring cardiac function. In other words, how did we determine which lead was the isoelectric lead?
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The isoelectric lead has an R wave equal in magnitude to the S wave but in the opposite direction. Often, this lead has the smallest QRS.
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What is the normal range of the QRS electrical axis in humans?
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0 to +90 (Although another source claims -30 to +120)
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What instrument is used to measure blood pressure?
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Sphygmomanometer
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What nerve (the number or the name) influences tonic heart beat via signals to the parasympathetic nervous system?
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Cranial nerve X, or the Vagus nerve
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Define Vagal tone.
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Vagal tone refers to the control of the Vagus nerve over changes in heart beat due to breathing (RSA: Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia).
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The pulmonary _____ carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart and the pulmonary ____ carries oxygenated blood to the heart
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Artery; vein
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Physics tells us that when cross sectional area of flow of a liquid of consistent density and no friction decreases, the speed of flow increases. Yet in a capillary the flow speed decreases significantly from arterial flow despite the huge decrease in cross sectional area. Why is this?
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It is the total cross sectional area which is important, and capillaries have a total cross sectional which is much larger than arteries and thus speed flow slows down.
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What are the special junctions between myocardial muscle cells called?
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Intercalated disks (with gap junctions)
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The ____ node is located on the upper ventral part of the right atrium and sends an electrical signal to the AV node and the rest of the heart.
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SA node
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The QRS complex of an EKG represents what part of heart contraction?
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Ventricular contraction
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The isoelectric lead is the lead in which
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the R wave is larger in magnitude than the S wave
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Norepinephrine binds to what receptor on the heart?
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beta1 - adrenergic receptors
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What is the systolic blood pressure measuring?
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The pressure the arteries exert on the blood flow during ventricular contraction
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What does respiratory sinus arrhythmia refer to?
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Change in heart rate resulting from breathing. Breathing in will elevate heart rate slightly, breathing out will decrease heart rate slightly
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The cardiac glycoside digitalis is most like
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ouabain. YES they're both cardiac glycosides blocking sodium pump
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When taking the blood pressure with a sphygmomanometer,
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one listens for turbulent arterial flow. YES
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If the EKG trace is very noisy
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use a low pass filter
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Connections to both wrists and the left leg
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are named after Einthoven. YES Einthoven's triangle
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How come you can measure the EKG so far away from the heart?
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There is easy conduction through the salt water in the body. YES. Bode's exact wording and what I said in the handout
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What do you do to measure pressure from the brachial artery?
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Inflate the cuff past the systolic pressure and slowly release the pressure. YES
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The time between QRS and T might decrease during mild exertion. This would be indicative of
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a myocardial action potential of shorter duration. YES
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If all parasympathetic and sympathetic inputs to the heart were instantly abolished while you were relaxed
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the heart would speed up. YES
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For the mean electrical axis, one measures
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QRS above and below baseline for lead I and lead III. YES
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The arterial diastolic pressure is
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way higher than ventricular pressure during diastole. YES because ventricles are virtually zero in diastole
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