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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Factors that affect Cardiovascular Disease |
~Diseases that affect the resp or cardo system (anemia) ~Medications (Narcotics) ~Stress (Hyperventalation, dizziness, numb) ~Anger (May be connected to heart disease) ~Gender |
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Who has a higher risk me or woman at heart disease? |
Men |
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Cardiac functioning can be affected by? |
Obstruction, Arrthythmias, inflammation or infection, and structural abnormalities |
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Arteriosclerosis |
The arteries lose elasticity and become hard and narrow, blood supply decreases leading to cardiac ischemia. |
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Angina Pectoris |
Chest pain caused by reduced oxygen supply to the heart |
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Myocardial infarction |
MI or heart attack; death of heart tissue that results when an area of the heart does not receive oxygen or becomes ischemic |
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Some of the most common CVD are? |
Angina Pectoris Myocardial Infarction Congestive heart failure cardiac arrest hypertension PVD (emboli, aneurysms, varicose veins) |
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What are some presenting signs and symptoms of cardiovascular disease? |
chest pain difficulty breathing (dyspnea) Rapid breathing (tachypnea) rapid fluttering of the heart (Palpitations) Blue coloration of lips, extremeties (cyanosis) Pallor (paleness) Edema Fainting (syncope) Fatigue Anxiety |
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What is a 12 lead electrocardiogram? |
used to diagnose heart rhythm irregularities and to monitor arrhythmias for response to medication. Can be done as a single test or an ongoing situation |
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What is a Holter Monitor? |
used to obtain a 24 hour ECG tracing while the client is performing his or her everyday routine. Some trace up to 72 hours. Is especially helpful in diagnosing clients who complain of heart irregularities that are not found on a resting 12 lead ECG **Keep a diary of activity and symptoms |
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Treadmill or Stress Test |
Done in a laboratory. Client is connected to ECG monitor while performing excercises such as walking at a 30 degree angle. Heart rate is monitored closely for irregularities or signs of hypoxia during excercise. |
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Cardiac Catheterization |
Procedure done to visualize the coronary arteries, atria, ventricles and valves. Can be inserted into the artery or vein in the arm or groin. This can also measure the amount of oxygen in the blood. Pressure measurements are taken to determine ejection fraction and contractility. Radiopaque dye is injected through the catheter into the coronary arteries to detect blockages or narrowing of the lumen of the arteries. |
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The process of visualizing blood vessels with injected dye is known as |
Angiography |
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Thallium scan |
Done to detect areas of the heart that are not receiving enough oxygen, or an area of infarction. A cold spot or dark spot indicates poor oxygenation in that area |
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Thallium |
an intracellular ion that is transported easilly into normal cells but does not enter abnormal cells. |
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Echocardiogram |
Done to detect abnormalities in cardiac structure. High frequency ultrasound waves outline heart tissue, showing size, shape, and position of heart structures. Can also detect fluid in the pericardial sac, size and thickness of the ventricular wall, size of the heart chambers, valve movement, and cardiac output |
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An echocardiogram is a _______ of the hearts electrical activity |
Picture |
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Precordial |
relating to the area over the heart and lower thorax |
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Each small box on the ECG represent how much time? Five small boxes are equivalent too_____ Five large boxes are equivalent too______ |
0.04 seconds 0.20 seconds 1 second |
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What waves represent the cardiac cycle? |
The P, Q, R, S, T waves |
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Current moving towards the positive electrode causes an _________ (positive) waveform |
upward |
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Current moving away from it produces a (negative) ________ waveform |
downward |
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When no electrical activity is occuring a straight line called ____________ line is seen |
isoelectric |
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ECG waveforms are recorded on paper marked intervals that represent |
time and voltage or amplitude |
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The P wave shows |
The SA node impulses and atrial depolarization. It precedes the QRS complex normally smooth, round and upright |
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The PR interval is |
the time required for impulse to travel to the AV node and the bundle branches. It is measured from the beginning of the P wave to the beginning of the QRS complex. The PR interval is normally 0.12 seconds to 0.20 seconds |
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The QRS complex indicates |
ventricular depolarization. It occurs rapidly, lasting 0.06 to 0.10 seconds.
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The ST segment is |
the period from the end of the QRS complex to the beginning of the T wave, is normally isoelectric. |
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The T wave |
Represents ventricular repolarization or recovery of the ventricle. Is smooth and rounded and points in the same direction as the QRS complex |
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The QT interval |
measured from the beginning of the QRS to the end of the T wave, indicates the total time for ventricular depolarization and repolarization
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Positron-emission tomography (PET) scan |
Used to detect coronary artery disease without using a catheter to inject dye into the heart so the risk of the client is greatly reduced. Radioactive substances can help the doctor to determining function of the heart showing the heart contractions |
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Occlusion |
Blockage |
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Plaque |
Fiberous fatty material that can cause a blockage. Consists of: Cholesterol Lipids Collagen Cellular debris |
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An occulsion or blockage of plaque is called? |
Atherosclerosis |
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CAD can lead to |
Thrombus (blood clot) angina pectoris myocardial infarction |
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Angina is |
Pain that is the direct result of inadequate flow of oxygen to the myocardium (Myocardial ischemia) |
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Angina Pectoris is generally described as? |
Squeezing, burning, crushing tightness in the chest beneath the sternum that radiates to the left arm, neck, jaw or shoulder blade. |
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Angina has to major form? And an atypical form |
Stable and Unstable |
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Stable Angina |
Pain is predictable in duration and frequency and is relieved with nitrates and rest |
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Unstable Angina |
Pain increases in duration and frequency and can be easilly induced. It occurs at rest or is worse then previous episode |
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An episode of Angina can follow what? |
physical exertion, emotional episode, exposure to cold, or a heavy meal |
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Angina Atypical Form (Prinzmetal's) |
An atypical angina occuring when there are no precipitating causes, usually at the same time of day. Generally cause by coronary artery spasm. |
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Severe, prolonged anginal pain suggest what? |
An MI (Myocardial Infarction) |
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Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG) is a |
Surgical procedure in which a segment of a vein is grafted above and below the coronary artery blockage. |
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Some signs and Symptoms of CAD? |
Burning, pressure or tight feeling in the chest Pain, nausea, vomiting, fainting, sweating with cool extremeties, occurence of symptoms following physical exertion, paid radiating to the arm, neck, jaw or shoulder blade |
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Diagnosis for Angina Pectoris |
Carefule assessment of history, blood work, a resting ECG, echocardiogram, and excercise stress test. Arteriograms are necessary if surgery is indicated |
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Treatment for Angina Pectoris or MI |
Consists of medications or surgery. Nitroglycerin is usually given subling or oral spray for an attack. Will generally releive pain for Angina but not MI. If medication are unsuccessful or blockage is advanced then CABG or angioplasty is performed |
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What are some common pharmacologic treatments for Angina or MI |
nitrates, beta-adrenergic blockers or calcium channel blockers |
