Carcinoma I And Ii

Front 1

What percentage of cancers are heriditary

Back 1

5-10 percent

Front 2

describe two autosomal dominant cancers

Back 2

Familial retinoblastoma and famililal adenomatous polyposis

Front 3

what are autosomal dominant cancers associated with

Back 3

marker phenotypes

Front 4

give two examples of marker phenotypes

Back 4

benign tumors or skin lesions

Front 5

Name two autosomal dominant cancers and their respective single mutant genes

Back 5

Rb in retinoblastoma and APC in Familial adenomatous polyposis

Front 6

Name an autosomal recessive cancer and how it is inherited

Back 6

xeroderma pigmentosa inherited by defects in DNA repair

Front 7

Give 6 characteristics of familial cancer

Back 7

a predisposition to it that runs in families, no clear pattern of inheritence, cancers occur at the average age of onset, two or more relatives are affected, multiple or bilateral tumors, not associated with specific phenotypic markers

Front 8

give preneoplastic conditions

Back 8

dysplasia, atypical hyperplasia, persistent regeneration, long standing diseases, chronic atrophic gastritis

Front 9

define neoplasia

Back 9

new formation

Front 10

differentiation

Back 10

the degree to which tissue resemble their origin both in structure and function

Front 11

anaplasia

Back 11

lack of differentiation, loss of structural and functional characteristics of normal tissue

Front 12

how are benign tumors named

Back 12

by adding oma suffix to the parenchymal tissue type for example adenoma, osteoma

Front 13

malignant tumor of the epithelia

Back 13

carcinoma

Front 14

malignant tumors of mesenchymal tissue

Back 14

sarcoma

Front 15

What two types of tissues can give rise to cancer

Back 15

epithelial and parenchymal, stromal

Front 16

what are epithelial and parenchymal cells

Back 16

functional cells of the organ

Front 17

what are epithelial and parenchymal cancers called

Back 17

carinomas

Front 18

what are stromal cells

Back 18

connective tissue, blood vessels, inflammatory cells, supporting tissue of the organ

Front 19

what are stromal cell cancers called

Back 19

sarcomas

Front 20

what is being referred to when the tumor is characteried by differentiation and anaplasia

Back 20

parenchymal cells

Front 21

what do stromal cells determine

Back 21

the consistency of the tumor

Front 22

describe scirrhous tumors

Back 22

abundant fibrous stroma

Front 23

polyp

Back 23

any growth benign or malignant that projects out from the surface mucosal epithelium

Front 24

papilloma

Back 24

benign microscopic fingerlike projections growing on any surface

Front 25

teratoma

Back 25

neoplasm that arises from germ cell layer which are capable of differentiating into mature forms of tissues

Front 26

hamartoma

Back 26

a malformation composed of tissues normally found in the location of origin but in abnormal quantitiy, mixture or arrangement

Front 27

choristoma

Back 27

mass of histologically normal tissue present in an abnormal location

Front 28

what are 4 characteristics of a benign neoplasm

Back 28

well circumscribed localized mass, resembles cells of origin morphologically and biochemically, compress but does not invade the adjacent tissue, encapsulated by fibrous tissue and can be removed surgically

Front 29

What are 4 other characteristics of benign neoplasms

Back 29

slow growing, localized, does not recur, with few exceptions, benign tumors do not become malignant

Front 30

what are 3 benign neoplasms in critical locations

Back 30

meningiomas, ependymomas, left atrium myxoma

Front 31

what is a meningioma and why is it dangerous

Back 31

a benign tumor mof the membrane coverins the brain and it exerts pressure on the brain

Front 32

what is an ependymoma and why is it dangerous

Back 32

a benign tumor of the ependyma and it blocks circulation of csf

Front 33

what is a left atrium myxoma and why is it dangerous

Back 33

tumor of the atrium in the heart, blocks mitral valve orifice

Front 34

fibroma

Back 34

fibroblast

Front 35

myoma

Back 35

muscle cell

Front 36

chondroma

Back 36

chondrocyte

Front 37

osteoma

Back 37

osteocyte

Front 38

lipoma

Back 38

adipocyte

Front 39

leiomyoma

Back 39

smooth muscle

Front 40

adenoma

Back 40

benign tumor of the glandular epithelium

Front 41

how do adenomas appear histologically

Back 41

they usually resemble the tissue from which they arose

Front 42

adenomatous polyp

Back 42

a protruding growth from a mucosal surface

Front 43

describe the architecture of an adenomatous polyp

Back 43

an adenoma attached to a fibrovascular stalk

Front 44

follicular adenoma of the thyroid

Back 44

well formed, regularly shaped, low cuboidal follicular epithelial cells, well differentiated, normal polarity, all nuclei appear similar and ordered

Front 45

adenomatous polyp

Back 45

a protruding growth from the mucosla surface

Front 46

go on

Back 46

the cells forming the abnormal architectural structures (villi), a characteristic of neoplasia but they do not invade and the normal mucosal border is intact

Front 47

features of neoplasia

Back 47

disordered architecture, loss of cell function

Front 48

leiomyoma

Back 48

well circumscribed with a homogenously white cut surface

Front 49

what does leiomyo refer to

Back 49

smooth muscle

Front 50

describe the monoclonal origin of tumors

Back 50

most cancers originate from malignant transformation of a single cell

Front 51

do cancer cells follow a normal life span

Back 51

no

Front 52

what are the four features of malignant neoplasms

Back 52

anaplastic, rapidly growing, invasive, metastasis

Front 53

anaplasia

Back 53

lack of cell differentiation, loss of structure and function

Front 54

what are the three features of anaplasia

Back 54

polymorphism, enlarged nucleus, atypical mitosis

Front 55

how do cancer cells develop

Back 55

from mutations that occur during the differentiation process

Front 56

what do poorly differentiated tumors tend to be

Back 56

highly malignant

Front 57

describe a squamous cell carcinoma

Back 57

tumor cells that are strikingly similar to normal squamous epithelial cells with intercellular bridges and nests of keratin pearls

Front 58

rhabdomyosarcoma

Back 58

tumor originating from skeletal muscles

Front 59

pleomorphism

Back 59

variation in shape and size, giant cells, excessive mitotic figures, loss of polarity

Front 60

dysplasia

Back 60

non neoplasti proliferation, epithelial cells show pleomorphism, mitotic figures, hyperchromatic nuclei, and a loss polarity

Front 61

carcinoma in situ

Back 61

localized and confined to the epithelium in which they arise, severe dysplasia, invloves entire thickness of epithelium, does not invade vasement membrane

Front 62

rapidly growing

Back 62

generally, malignat tumors tend to grow rapidly, rapidly growing tumors tend to be poorly differentiated

Front 63

invasion

Back 63

refers to invasion of neighboring structures, benign tumors generally have a surrounding fibrous capsule, malignant tumors lack a capsule

Front 64

metastasis

Back 64

secondary growth of tumor in distant regions, most reliable feature that distinguishes malignant tumors from benign tumors, some malignant tumors are ghighly invasive but rarely metastasize

Front 65

modes of metastasis

Back 65

blood, lymph, seeding within body cavities

Front 66

blood spread

Back 66

preferred by sarcomas, arteries are penetrated less readly than veins, liver and lung are the most common destinations

Front 67

tumors which tend to invade veins

Back 67

renal cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma

Front 68

tumors metastasis which do not follow drainage pattern

Back 68

prostatic carcinmoa to bone, broncogenic carcinoma to adrenals and brain

Front 69

lymphatic spread

Back 69

more typical of carcinoma, follow lymphatic drainage

Front 70

lung cancer spreads to

Back 70

bronchial lymph node

Front 71

breast cancer to

Back 71

axillary lymph node

Front 72

lymphatic spread

Back 72

not all enlarged lymph nodes show metatatic lesions,

Front 73

reactive hyperplasia of lymph nodes

Back 73

dead cells of the tumor invokes reactive changes in lymph nodes

Front 74

hyperplasia of follicles

Back 74

follicular hyperplasia

Front 75

proliferation of macrophages

Back 75

lymphadenitis

Front 76

spread by seeding

Back 76

invasion of body cavities, peritoneal cavitiy, typical cancer of the ovary

Front 77

metastasis to brain

Back 77

lung, breast, skin, kidney, go

Front 78

metastasis to liver

Back 78

colon, stomach, pancreas, breast, lung

Front 79

metastasis to bone

Back 79

prostate, thyroid, testes, breast, lung

Front 80

multistep process of metastasis

Back 80

breaks from primary tumor, invades surrounding extracellular matrix, gains access to blood vessels, survives it passage in the blood stream, merge from the blood at a favorable location, invade surrounding tissue, begin to grow

Front 81

tumor cells must loosen from each other how?

Back 81

e caherins are molecules which hold the cells together

Front 82

what happens when e caherins are lost

Back 82

cancers cells break from each other

Front 83

what happens after cells break from each other

Back 83

they degrade the ECM by porteolytic enzymes and attach to a new ECM through new adhesion molecule. Cells migrate by the cytoskeleton and cytokines

Front 84

symptoms related to tumors appear because of

Back 84

location and activitiy of tumor, bleeding and infection, rupture or infarction, cachexia

Front 85

paraneoplastic syndrome

Back 85

symptoms which appear in patients with cancer but not explained by the tumor or its metastasis, they may be the earliest manifestations, they may be asociated with lethal clinical problems, they mimic metastasis

Front 86

paraneoplastic effects of tumors

Front 87

small cell lung carcinoma

Back 87

causes ACTH or ACTH like peptide, effect cushing syndrome

Front 88

small cell lung carcinoma and intracranial neoplasm

Back 88

ADH effect SIADH syndromeof ADH

Front 89

small cell lung carcinoma

Back 89

PTH related peptide effect hypercalcemia

Front 90

renal cell carcinoma

Back 90

EPO effect polycythemia

Front 91

thymoma, small cell lung carcinoma

Back 91

antibodies against presynaptic cq ions channels at NMJ effect Lambert Eaton syndrome

Front 92

leukemia and lymphoma

Back 92

hyperuricemia due to excess nucleic acids turnover effect gout urate nephrophathy

Front 93

grading

Back 93

how aggressive is the tumor

Front 94

what is the grading based on

Back 94

differentiation of tumor cells and number of mitosis

Front 95

explain the grades

Back 95

I-IV based on how well differentiated high grade = poorly differentiated

Front 96

staging

Back 96

to evaluate the extent and spread of the tumor it is a clinical radiological or surgical examination, better than grading in clinically evaluating the tumor

Front 97

what is staging based on

Back 97

size, extent of spread to LN, presence or absence of metastasis

Front 98

tnm system

Back 98

tumor, node, metastasis

Front 99

ajc system

Back 99

stages 0-IV, tumor node and metastasis

Front 100

histologic diagnosis of cancer

Back 100

microscopy, immunohistochemistry, ancillary tests

Front 101

histologic diagnosis of cancer involves

Back 101

complete excision, biopsy, fine needle aspiration, cytologic smears (pap smear),

Front 102

cytology

Back 102

cancer of the cervix, uterus, lung, bladder, prostate, stomach

Front 103

fine needle aspiration

Back 103

aspiration and cytological examination, used in palpable lesions, cancer of breast, thyroid, lymph nodes

Front 104

frozen sections

Back 104

the sample is frozen and sectioned and examined immediately, used for examining a moss or lymph node

Front 105

immunohistochemistry

Back 105

confirms the tissue or origin of metastatic or poorly differentiated tumor uses monoclonal antibodies which are specific for cell markers

Front 106

what monoclonal antibodies are used

Back 106

serum tumor markers, intermediate filaments

Front 107

tumor marker

Back 107

tumor type

Front 108

psa

Back 108

prostate specific antigen, elevated in benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostatis. Used to screen prostate cancer

Front 109

protatic acid phosphatase

Back 109

prostatic carcinoma

Front 110

cea

Back 110

acrcinoembroynic antigen, very nonspecific, produced by 70 percent of colorectal and pancreatic cancers,produced by gastric breat and thyroid cancer

Front 111

alpha feto protein

Back 111

normally made by fetus, hepatocellular carcinoma and nonseminomatous germ cells of testis

Front 112

b-hcg

Back 112

hydatiform mole, choriocarcinoma

Front 113

ca 125

Back 113

ovarian, malignant epithelial tumors

Front 114

s100

Back 114

melanoma, neural tumors, astrocytoma

Front 115

alkaline phosphatase

Back 115

mets to bone

Front 116

ca-19-9

Back 116

pancreatic carcinoma

Front 117

calcitonin

Back 117

thyroid medullary carcinoma

Front 118

intermediate filament

Back 118

normal tissue expression and tumor

Front 119

keratin

Back 119

all epithelial cells, carcinoma

Front 120

vimentin

Back 120

mesenchymal cells, sarcoma

Front 121

desmin

Back 121

muscle cell, uterine leiomyoma, rhabdomyosarcoma

Front 122

neurofilament

Back 122

cns and pns and neural crest derivative, pheochromocytoma, neuroblastoma

Front 123

glial fibrillary acidic protein GFAP

Back 123

glial cells, astrocytoma, ependymoma

Front 124

cytokeratin

Back 124

for carcinoma which looks like large cell lymphoma

Front 125

psa

Back 125

prostatic origin

Front 126

estrogen

Back 126

in breast cancer to determine estrogen receptors for treatment purposes