Carbohydrates, Lipids And Proteins

Front 1

Glucose, fasting

Reference range

Back 1

70-99 mg/dL

Reference range of?

Physiological significance

Hint 1

Glucose, fasting

Major source of energy

Decreased at rest

Front 2

Glucose, fasting

Physiological significance

Back 2

Major source of energy

Decreased at rest

Biomolecule?

Clinical significance

Hint 2

Glucose, fasting

+: Hyperglycemia

Causes: diabeties mellitus, acute stress, other endocrine disorders and pancreatitis

-: Hypoglycemia

Insulinoma

Insulin-induced hypoglycemia

Hypopituitarism

Front 3

Glucose, fasting

Clinical signifiacne

Back 3

+: Hyperglycemia

Causes: diabeties mellitus, acute stress, other endocrine disorders and pancreatitis

-: Hypoglycemia

Insulinoma

Insulin-induced hypoglycemia

Hypopituitarism

Clinical significance of?

Hint 3

Glucose, fasting

Front 4

Glucose, fasting

Metabolic pathway and testing

Back 4

Use Sodium floride to prevent glycolysis

Front 5

Glucose, fasting

Testing methods

Back 5

Common methods

Glucose oxidase

Glucose hexokinase

Which one is preferred?

Why?

Hint 5

Glucose hexokinase

More accurate

due to

lesser interfering substances

Front 6

Why glucose hexokinase is the preferred method for "Glucose, fasting"?

Back 6

It is more accurate due to lesser interferent substances

Front 7

Cholesterol, Total

Reference range

Back 7

Desirable: Less than 200 mg/dL

Reference range for?

Hint 7

Cholesterol, total

Front 8

Cholesterol, total

Clinical significance

Back 8

Limited data for predicting CAD by itself, it is used in conjunction with HDL and LDL cholesterol.

Clinical significance of?

What is CAD?

Hint 8

Cholesterol, total

Coronary artery disease

Front 9

Cholesterol, Total

Testing methods

Back 9

Enzymatic methods are most common

Front 10

HDL cholesterol

Reference range

Back 10

Desirable: Over 60 mg/dL

Reference range for?

What is the reference range for total cholesterol?

Hint 10

HDL cholesterol

Total cholesterol: less than 200 mg/dL

Front 11

HDL cholesterol

Clinical signifiance

Back 11

Appears to be inversely related to CAD

Clinical significance of?

Hint 11

HDL cholesterol

Front 12

HDL cholesterol

Testings + description

Back 12

Homogenous assay does not require pretreatment to remove non-HDL

1st reagent blocks non-HDL

2nd reagent reacts with HDL

Testing for?

Hint 12

HDL cholesterol

Front 13

HDL cholesterol

Testing method: direct homogenous assay or homogenous assay

Back 13

Homogenous assay

It does not require pretreatment to remove what?

Hint 13

non-HDL

Front 14

LDL cholesterol

Reference range

Back 14

Optimal: Less than 100 mg/dL

Reference range for?

Reference range for HDL and Total cholesterol?

Hint 14

LDL

HDL: over 60 mg/dL

Total cholesterol: less than 200 mg/dL

Front 15

LDL cholesterol

Clinical significance

Back 15

Risk factor for CAD

Front 16

LDL cholesterol

Testing methods

Back 16

1. Calculated from Friedwald formula

if triglycerides is less than 400 mg/dL

2. Measured by direct homogenous assay

Testing methods for?

Hint 16

LDL cholesterol

Front 17

Triglycerides

Reference range

Back 17

Less than 150 mg/dL

Reference range of?

Reference range of LDL and total cholesterol?

Hint 17

Triglycerides

LDL: less than 100 mg/dL

Total cholesterol: 200 mg/dL

Front 18

Triglycerides

Clinical significance

Back 18

Risk factor for CAD

Besides Triglycerides, what is the other risk factor for CAD?

Hint 18

LDL cholesterol

Front 19

Triglycerides

Physiological significance

Back 19

Major form of lipid storage

Biomoleucle?

Reference range?

Hint 19

Tiglycerides: less than 150 mg/dL

Front 20

Triglycerides

Testing methods

Requirements

Back 20

Enzymatic methods using lipase

Requires fasting specimen

Testing methods for?

Hint 20

Triglycerides

Front 21

Risk factors for CAD

List

Back 21

LDL

Triglycerides

Front 22

What requires fasting specimen?

Back 22

Triglycerides

Glucose, fasting

Front 23

Total protein

Reference range

Back 23

6.4-8.3 g/dL

Reference range for?

Hint 23

Total protein

Front 24

Total protein

Units in reference range?

Back 24

g/dL

Units for the reference range of glucose, triglycerides, HDL, LDL, total cholesterol

Hint 24

mg/dL

Front 25

Total protein

Reference range: 6.4-8.3 g/dL

Less than 4.5g/dL

Back 25

Associated with Peripheral edema

range?

Hint 25

Less than 4.5 g/dL

Front 26

Total protein

Clinical significance

Back 26

+: dehydration, chronic inflammation, multiple myeloma

-: dehydration, nephrotic syndrome, hepatic insufficiency, malnutrition, malabsorption, agammaglobulinemia

Front 27

Total protein

Testing method

Back 27

Biuret method

Alkaline copper reagent reacts with peptide bonds.

Front 28

Total protein

Biuret method

Reagent?

Back 28

Alkaline copper

Mechanism

Hint 28

Reacts with peptide bonds.

Front 29

Albumin

Reference range

Back 29

3.5-5 g/dL

Reference range of?

Hint 29

Albumin

Front 30

Albumin

Physiological significance

Back 30

Largest fraction of plasma proteins.

Biomoleucle?

Reference range?

Hint 30

Albumin

3.5-5 g/dL

Front 31

Albumin

Review: reference range

Back 31

3.5-5 g/dL

Biomolecule?

Physiological significance

Hint 31

largest fraction of plasma proteins

Front 32

Albumin

Clinical significance

Back 32

+: dehydration

-: malnutrition, liver disease, nephrotic syndrome, chronic inflammation

Biomolecule?

Reference range?

Hint 32

Albumin

3.5-5 g/dL

Front 33

Albumin

Review

Clinical significance

Back 33

+: dehydration

-: malnutrition, liver disease, nephrotic syndrome, chronic inflammation

Reference range?

Hint 33

3.5-5 g/dL

Front 34

Albumin

Clinical significance

+: _______________

-: malnutrition, liver _______, nephrotic _________, chronic ____________

Back 34

___: dehydration

___: ___________, ______ disease, _______ syndrome, ______ inflammation

Hint 34

+: dehydration

-: malnutrition, liver disease, nephrotic syndrome, chronic inflammation

Front 35

Albumin

Review: Physiological significance

Back 35

Largest fraction of plasma proteins

biomolecules?

Where it is synthesized?

Hint 35

Albumin

Synthesized by liver

Front 36

Albumin

Where it is synthesized?

Back 36

Synthesized by liver

Biomolecule?

Physiological significance

Clinical significance

Hint 36

Largest fraction of plasma proteins

+: dehydration

-: malnutrition, liver disease, nephrotic syndrome, chronic inflammation

Front 37

Albumin

Review: reference range

Physiological significance

Back 37

3.5-5 g/dL

Largest fraction of plasma protein

Biomolecule?

Function

Hint 37

Regulates osmotic pressure

Front 38

Albumin

Function

Back 38

Regulates osmotic pressure

Function of?

How it is measured?

Hint 38

Albumin

Measured by dye binding

Front 39

Albumin

How it is measured?

Back 39

Measured by dye binding

Biomolecule?

Clinical significance

Hint 39

+: dehydration

-: malnutrition, liver disease, nephrotic syndrome, chronic inflammation

Front 40

Albumin

Measured by dye binding

Examples

Back 40

BCG

BCP

Full name?

Hint 40

Bromocresol green

Bromocresol purple

Front 41

Albumin

Measured by what?

Back 41

Dye binding

BCG: Bromocresol green

BCP: ___________ purple

Hint 41

bromocresol

Front 42

Albumin

Measured by dye binding

BCG: __________ green

BCP: __________ purple

Back 42

____: Bromocresol green

____: Bromocresol purple

Hint 42

BCG

BCP

Front 43

Albumin

Measured by dye binding

BCG: bromocresol __________

BCP: bromocresol ________

Back 43

BCG: __________ green

BCP: _____________ purple

Hint 43

bromocresol

Front 44

Albumin

Measured by what?

Back 44

dye binding

Examples

Hint 44

BCG bromocresol green

BCP: bromocresol purple

Front 45

Albumin

Review: reference range

Back 45

3.5-5 g/dL

Clinical significance

Hint 45

+: dehydration

-: malnutrition, liver disease, nephrotic syndrome, chronic inflammation

Front 46

Albumin

Review: physiological significance

Where it is synthesized?

Back 46

largest fraction of plasma proteins

Synthesized by liver

Function?

Hint 46

Regulates osmotic pressure

Front 47

Albumin

How it is measured?

Back 47

Measured by dye binding

Examples

Hint 47

BCG Bromocresol green

BCP: bromocresol purple

Front 48

Microalbumin

Source of specimen

Back 48

Urine

Front 49

Microalbumin

Reference range

Back 49

50-200 mg on 24 hour urine

Biomolecule?

Source of specimen

Hint 49

Urine

Front 50

Microalbumin

Review: source of specimen

Back 50

Urine

Reference range

Hint 50

50-200 mg on 24 hour urine

Front 51

Microalbumin

Reference range (review)

Back 51

50-200 mg on 24 hour urine

Clinical significance

Hint 51

+: diabetics at risk of nephropathy

Front 52

Microalbumin

Clinical significance

Back 52

+: diabetics at risk of nephropathy

Biomolecule: Rr?

Hint 52

Microalbumin

50-200 mg

Front 53

Microalbumin

Units for reference range

Back 53

mg

Units for total protein and albumin

Hint 53

g/dL

Front 54

Microalbumin

Review: Clinical significance

Back 54

+: diabetics at risk of nephropathy

Characteristics of microalbumin testing

Hint 54

Detects albumin in urine earlier than dipstick protein

Front 55

Microalbumin

Characteristics of microalbumin testing

Back 55

Detects ________ in urine ____ than dipstick ______

Hint 55

albumin

earlier

protein

Front 56

Microalbumin

Characteristics of microalbumin

Detects _______ in urine ________ than dipstick ______

Back 56

________ albumin in _____ earlier than _____ protein

Hint 56

Detects

urine

dipstick

Front 57

Microalbumin

Characteristics of microalbumin

Back 57

Detects albumin in urine earlier than dipstick protein

Treatment

Hint 57

Strict control of glucose and blood pressure can prevent progression to end-stage renal disease.

Front 58

Microalbumin

Treatment

Back 58

Strict control of glucose and blood pressure can prevent progression to end-stage renal disease

Front 59

Microalbumin

Treatment

Strict _____ of glucose and blood ______ can prevent _______ to end-_____ renal ________

Back 59

Treatment

________ control of ________ and _____ pressure can ________progression to ___-stage _______ disease

Hint 59

strict

glucose

blood

prevent

end

renal

Front 60

Microalbumin

Treatment

Back 60

Strict control of glucose and blood pressure can prevent progression to end-stage renal disease

Review: Characteristics and reference range

Hint 60

Detects albumin in urine earlier than dipstick protein

50-200 mg on 24 hour urine

Front 61

Microalbumin

Testing method

Back 61

Immunoassays on 24 hour urine

Review: clinical significance

Hint 61

+: diabetics at risk of nephropathy

Front 62

Microalbumin

Review: testing method

Back 62

immunoassays on 24 hour urine

Alternative method

Hint 62

Albumin-to-creatinine ratio on random sample

Front 63

Microalbumin

Alternative method

Back 63

________-to-creatinine ratio on __________sample

Hint 63

albumin

random

Front 64

Microalbumin

Alternative method

________-to-creatinine ratio on __________sample

Back 64

Albumin-to-________ ratio on random _________

Hint 64

creatinine

sample

Front 65

Microalbumin

Alternative method

Albumin-to-________ ratio on random _________

Back 65

_________-___-Creatinine ______ on ________ sample

Hint 65

Albumin

to

ratio

random

Front 66

Microalbumin

Alternative method

Back 66

Albumin-to-creatinine ratio on random sample

Describe this method

Hint 66

30-300 mg albumin/g creatinine=microalbuminuria

Front 67

Microalbumin

Alternative method

Albumin-to-creatinine ratio on random sample

30-300 ___ albumin/___ creatinine=_______________

Back 67

mg

g

microalbuminuria

Front 68

Microalbumin

Alternative method

_______-to-___________ ratio on random sample

30-300 ___albumin/___ creatinine=___________

Back 68

albumin

creatinine

30-300 mg ______/g ___________=microalbuminuria

Hint 68

albumin

creatinine

Front 69

Microalbumin

Alternative method

Albumin-to-creatinine ratio on random sample

30-300 mg _________/g ____________=microalbuminuria

Back 69

___________ mg albumin/g creatinine=_______________

Hint 69

30-300

microalbuminuria

Front 70

Microalbumin

Alternative method

Albumin-to-creatinine ratio on random sample

_____________/_____________=_____________

Back 70

30-300 mg albumin/g creatinine=microalbuminuria

Review: treatment

Hint 70

Strict control of glucose and blood pressure can prevent progression to end-stage renal disease

Front 71

Microalbumin

Method? (primary)

Back 71

Immunoassays on 24 hour urine

Characteristics

Hint 71

Detects albumin in urien earlier than dipstick protein

Front 72

Microalbumin

Alternative method

Back 72

Albumin-tocreatinine ratio on random sample

Describe this method

Hint 72

30-300 mg albumin/g creatinine=microalbuminuria

Front 73

Microalbumin

Testing instrument

Back 73

Urine dipsticks are available for both

albumin

albumin-to-creatinine ratio

Review: reference range

Hint 73

50-200 mg on 24 hr urine

Front 74

Microalbumin

Testing instrument

Urine _______are available for both

_________

albumin-to-creatinine ________

Back 74

________dipsticks are _______ for _______

albumin

_________-to-___________ratio

Hint 74

Microalbumin

Testing instrument

Urine dipsticks are available for both

albumin

albumin-to-creatinine ratio

Front 75

Microalbumin

Testing instrument

Back 75

Testing instrument

Urine dipsticks are available for both

albumin

albumin-to-creatinine ratio