Carbohydrate Digestion

Front 1

a. Can monosaccharides by hydrolyzed into a simple sugar?

Back 1

i. No

Front 2

b. What are the two classifications of a monosaccharide?

Back 2

i. Aldose
ii. Ketose

Front 3

d. How is glucopyranose formed?

Back 3

i. Glucose forming a 6 member ring

Front 4

e. What results when fructose forms a 5-member ring structure?

Back 4

i. Fructofuranose

Front 5

f. How is an anomer formed?

Back 5

i. Cyclization of a monosaccharide leads to a new asymmetric carbon at C1
ii. α and β

Front 6

iii. What is the mnemonic for remembering the configuration of α and β anomers?

Back 6

1. After the party, the balloon is down; before the party, the balloon is up

Front 7

i. How is a glycoside formed?

Back 7

1. Anomeric -OH of one monosaccharide reacts with another -OH on an alcohol or second monosaccharide
2. → disaccharide formed

Front 8

ii. What type of linkage is between the two monomers in a glycoside?

Back 8

1. Glycosidic linkage

Front 9

iii. How do you name a glycosidic linkage?

Back 9

1. Orientation of anomeric carbon followed by numbers of two carbon atoms involved in linkage

Front 10

i. What is maltose made up of? What type of linkage is between them?

Back 10

1. Two α-D-glucose molecules
2. α 1,4 glycosidic link

Front 11

ii. What is sucrose made up of? What type of linkage is between them?

Back 11

1. α-D-glucose with β-D-fructose
2. 1,2 glycosidic linkage

Front 12

iii. What is lactose made up of? What type of linkage?

Back 12

1. β-D galactose to α-D glucose
2. β-1,4 glycoside

Front 13

i. What is a homopolysaccharide?

Back 13

1. Made up of multiple units of monosaccharide

Front 14

ii. What are some examples of Homopolysaccharides?

Back 14

1. Starch
2. Glycogen
3. Cellulose
4. Chitin

Front 15

iii. What is a heteropolysaccharide?

Back 15

1. Made up of multiple units of more than one kind of monosaccharide

Front 16

iv. What are some examples of heteropolysaccharides?

Back 16

1. Chondroitin sulfate
2. Hyaluronic acid
3. Heparin

Front 17

v. What are glycoconjugates?

Back 17

1. Carbohydrates that are covalently attached to protein and lipid molecules

Front 18

vi. What are some examples of glycoconjugates?

Back 18

1. Proteoglycans
2. Glycoproteins
3. Glycolipids

Front 19

vii. What is starch? What type of polymers does it contain?

Back 19

1. Storage form of glucose in plants
2. Polymers of α-linked glucose

Front 20

viii. What are the two types of glucose polymers in starch?

Back 20

1. Amylose
2. Amylopectin

Front 21

ix. What type of glycosidic linkages are found in amylose?

Back 21

1. ONLY 1,4

Front 22

x. What form does amylose assume?

Back 22

1. Helical configuration
2. Six glucose units per turn

Front 23

xi. What type of bonds are in amylopectin?

Back 23

1. 1,4 AND 1,6

Front 24

xii. What is glycogen? What are its characteristics?

Back 24

1. Polysaccharide storage in animals
2. More highly branched than amylopectin

Front 25

xiii. What is cellulose? What type of linkages does it have?

Back 25

1. Liner homopolymer
2. 1,4 β D-glycosidic bonds

Front 26

xiv. What type of linkages CAN’T animals digest?

Back 26

1. 1,4 β D-glycosidic bonds
2. Cannot digest cellulose

Front 27

xv. What are the two types of disaccharide units found in heteropolysaccharides? With what are they paired?

Back 27

1. N-acetylgalactosamine
2. N-acetylglucosamine
3. Paired with glucuronate or iduronate

Front 28

xvi. What are the most abundant heteropolysaccharides in the body?

Back 28

1. GAGs

Front 29

xvii. Where are proteoglycans found?

Back 29

1. ECM

Front 30

xviii. What are some examples of glycoproteins?

Back 30

1. Antibodies
2. Blood-type antigens
3. FSH, LH, TSH

Front 31

xix. Where are glycolipids found?

Back 31

1. Nerve tissues
2. Cell membrane
3. “Gangliosides”

Front 32

a. What is the first step of carbohydrate digestion?

Back 32

i. Carbs broken down to monosaccharides

Front 33

b. How are monosaccharides absorbed? Where?

Back 33

i. Absorbed by intestinal lining
ii. By facilitated diffusion (cotransport with sodium)

Front 34

c. What happens to monosaccharides once they’ve been absorbed?

Back 34

i. Transported to liver through venous system capillaries

Front 35

i. What secretes amylase?

Back 35

1. Salivary glands
2. Pancreas

Front 36

ii. Where are oligosaccharidases found?

Back 36

1. Mucosal brush border

Front 37

iii. What types of bonds does amylase cleave?

Back 37

1. α1,4
2. α1, 6

Front 38

iv. What is maltase’s activity?

Back 38

1. Exoglucosidase
2. Only α1,4

Front 39

v. What are maltase’s substrates?

Back 39

1. Malto-oligo-saccharides

Front 40

vi. What is maltase’s product?

Back 40

1. 2 Glucose

Front 41

vii. What is sucrase’s activity?

Back 41

1. Hydrolyzes sucrose and maltase

Front 42

viii. What is sucrase’s substrate?

Back 42

1. Sucrose
2. Malto-oligo-saccharides

Front 43

ix. What are sucrase’s products?

Back 43

1. Glucose
2. Fructose

Front 44

x. What does isomaltase cleave?

Back 44

1. α1,6 bonds

Front 45

xi. What is the substrate for isomaltase?

Back 45

1. α-dextrins

Front 46

xii. What is the product of isomaltase?

Back 46

1. Glucose

Front 47

xiii. What does lactase cleave?

Back 47

1. β-glycosidase

Front 48

xiv. What is the substrate for lactase?

Back 48

1. Lactose

Front 49

xv. What are the products for lactase?

Back 49

1. Glucose
2. Galactose

Front 50

xvi. What does trehalase cleave?

Back 50

1. Trehalose

Front 51

xvii. What is the substrate for trehalase?

Back 51

1. Trehalose

Front 52

xviii. What is the product of trehalase activity?

Back 52

1. Glucose

Front 53

e. What ion gradient is responsible for cotransport of monosaccharides in the intestine? What monosaccharides are absorbed in this way?

Back 53

i. Sodium
ii. Glucose and galactose (against concentration gradients)

Front 54

f. How do glucose and galactose move out of cells?

Back 54

i. Facilitated diffusion