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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the general formula for sugars/carbohydrates?
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(CH_2O)_n
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What do sugars consist of?
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Sugars are polyalchohols (-OH) + aldehyde (aldose) or ketone (ketose)
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What are carbohydrates needed for?
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-energy fuel
-energy storage -cell membrane/walls -cell-cell interactions |
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What is the simplist aldose?
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glyderaldehyde
triose |
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What is the simplest ketose?
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Dihydroxyacetone
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What type of sugar are metabolically active in mammals?
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D-isomers
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How are enzymes specific?
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recognize specific forms and bonds
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What are the benefits of enzyme specificity?
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important for cell recognition and cell-cell interaction
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What does glucose like to form in solution?
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a ring
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What is the importance of phosphorylated sugars?
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phosphorylated sugars are active intermediates
-They are primed for metabolism-extra energy -they are key intermediates in energy production and biosythesis |
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How are two sugars (disaccharides) joined?
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2 sugars are joined by glycosidic links
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How are glycosidic links made or broken?
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made-condensation (dehydration)
broken- hydrolysis |
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Which carbon in a monosaccharide ring determines its ring form?
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Carbon 1
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What locks C1 into a specific configuration?
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the formation of a glycosidic link
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What are the monosaccharides that make up Cellobiose?
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2 glucose
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What are the monosaccharides that make up lactose?
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galactose and glucose
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What are the monosaccharides that make up Cellobiose?
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glucose and fructose
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What is the function and structure of amylose?
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Amylose is starch in plants
they are long linear chains alpha 1-4 links |
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What is the function and structure of amylopectictin and glycoge>n
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amylopectin-starch in plants
glycogen- animals branched chains alpha 1-->4 links in chains with alpha 1-->6 links at branches |
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What is the function and structure of cellulose?
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in plants
long linear chains (beta 1--> 4 links) |
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Why do we store glucose as glycogen?
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-very compact (almost crystalline)- lots of H-bonds between -OH on glycose monomers
-no osmotic effect-only a few big polymers, not lots of glucose molecules -no [glucose] gradient to maintain- low [fee glucose] in cells, since all glucose in glycogen and helps glucose enter cell |
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What is the benefit of branched chain structure?
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-we need to free stored glucose in a hurry
-branches mean lots of free ends to dehydrate glucose monomers - enzymes embedded in glycogen granules -same true for synthesis |
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What does Oxidation entail?
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-loss of electron
-loss of Hydrogen -gain of Oxygen |
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What does Reduction entail?
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-gain of electron
-gain of Hydrogen Loss of Oxygen |
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What is the most energy rich form of carbon?
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completely saturated hydrocarbon
(the most reduced) |
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What is the least oxidized (most reduced) carbon?
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saturated hydrocarbon
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What is the most oxidized (least reduced) carbon?
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carbon dioxide
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T/F: Carbohydrates are energy poor
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F- carbohydrates are energy rich
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What does a dynamic process need?
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Life is a dynamic process that requires energy
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What do open systems entail?
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-living things are open systems
> exchange matter and energy with surroundings > need this to stay alive |
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Why do we store glucose as glycogen?
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-very compact (almost crystalline)- lots of H-bonds between -OH on glycose monomers
-no osmotic effect-only a few big polymers, not lots of glucose molecules -no [glucose] gradient to maintain- low [fee glucose] in cells, since all glucose in glycogen and helps glucose enter cell |
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What is the benefit of branched chain structure?
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-we need to free stored glucose in a hurry
-branches mean lots of free ends to dehydrate glucose monomers - enzymes embedded in glycogen granules -same true for synthesis |
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What does Oxidation entail?
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-loss of electron
-loss of Hydrogen -gain of Oxygen |
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What does Reduction entail?
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-gain of electron
-gain of Hydrogen Loss of Oxygen |
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What is the most energy rich form of carbon?
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completely saturated hydrocarbon
(the most reduced) |
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What is the least oxidized (most reduced) carbon?
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saturated hydrocarbon
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What is the most oxidized (least reduced) carbon?
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carbon dioxide
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T/F: Carbohydrates are energy poor
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F- carbohydrates are energy rich
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What does a dynamic process need?
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Life is a dynamic process that requires energy
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What do open systems entail?
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-living things are open systems
> exchange matter and energy with surroundings > need this to stay alive |
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What states do living systems operate in?
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'dynamic'-steady state
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What does a 'dynamic' steady state entail?
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-not static constant flux thru pathways
-out of equilibrium -inflow=outflow (in general) BUT -constantly 'changing while staying the same' -synthesis/breakdown, but most levels constant -This is good because it allows fro changes when needed (metabolic control and adaption) |
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What do we need to stay out of equilibruim?
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Life is dynamic-we need energy to stay out of equilibrium
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Where does energy come from?
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the sun
plants reduce energy poor CO2 to glucose |
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What type of carbon do we oxidize?
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we oxidize energy rich glucose to CO2
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How do we store energy?
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We store energy as ~P on ATP or as energetic electrons on NADPH
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What do activated intermediates do?
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They make endergonic reactions exergonic
activated intermediates are usually ~P |
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What is important to remember about metabolism?
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Metabolism is highly integrated and intricately controlled
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