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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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____________ is the most important and basic management function.
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Planning
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Planning involves setting ___________ and then establishing ________, ______________, and _________ necessary to achieve them at all levels of an organization.
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- setting objectives
- policies - procedures - action plans |
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List four types of planning.
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1. Strategic - long-term
2. Tactical - short-term 3. Operational - day-to-day 4. Contingency - to cope with unseen events |
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_________ is one of the primary management functions of an organization.
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Planning
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Strategic planning is done by ____________ management. It is a formal process of planning to fit the _______ and __________ of the organization.
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- upper-level
- mission - values |
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Strategic planning does not work without support from _______. In addition, the managers _______ must support the plan. Strategic planning that is _______ is more likely to succeed.
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- top managers
- at all levels - participative |
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Tactical, operational, and contingency planning all emanate from __________.
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- strategic planning
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Ineffective or a lack of strategic planning can result in __________ a state in which the organization moves from one crisis to another.
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- "crisis management"
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The strategic planning process can be structured to involve representatives from ________ level and _____ of an organization, or it can be restricted to __________. Sometimes, ________ are used to provide both an objective, external ________ and to undertake data collection and analysis. An external consulting group might conduct extensive ________ of all stakeholders, including the ________ and ________ of the organization.
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- level
- division - upper-level management - point of view - interviews - community - customers |
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The first goal is to clarify a ____ and a _______ of the organization if none exists. If it already exists, then the process will undertake either __________ of the current statement or a ______ to match current concerns. Second, _______ for the process are determined. _________ of the mission, _______, and _________ may occur simultaneously.
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- vision
- mission - validation - revision - strategies - Reaffirmation - strategy development - wide-ranging analysis |
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The _______ is the basic purpose for the organization's existence.
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- mission
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___________ of the organization determines its mission. All managers are responsible for ________, ______, and ________ the mission. The mission statement defines the organization by defining its __________, _________, and ___________.
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- Senior management
- understanding - communicating - implementing - activities - markets - consumers |
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________ describes the plan the general or team manager or planner has for using the organization's resources to achieve a specific objectives.
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- Strategy
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__________ are specific actions taken by a manager and work group to achieve a specific goal.
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- Tactics
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List three levels of strategy.
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1. Corporate-level strategy
2. Business-level strategy 3. Functional strategy |
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Corporate-level strategy involves the ______ organization, and usually implies that the corporation consists of a number of different ________. The corporate-level strategy guides what kinds of ________ to undertake and how to distribute ___________ to existing ventures.
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- entire corporate
- business interests - new ventures - financial resources |
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Business level strategy involves ________ of a larger company.
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- the independent business unit
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Functional strategy relates to ________ within a ________ can have goals, objectives, and mission statements. These are where businesses maintain their ________ because they represent the point at which the customer is reached.
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- departments
- business unit - competitive edge |
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_______ are meant to guide those organizations members who have the authority to make plans for the actions of major units of the organization. Corporate _________ and ____________ are typically individuals who would be expected to make and to be directly affected by strategic decisions.
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- Strategy statements
- vice presidents - division managers |
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SWOT (____________) analysis is a long-standing technique used by companies for __________. It is an in-depth project that does not always give ________ or ________ answers.
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- strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats
- planning - easy - clear |
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Several techniques can be used to conduct a SWOT analysis. Commonly, even with _________ and other _________ from all stakeholders, a task force designated to complete the strategic plan engages in a session that looks like a __________ or ________.
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- extensive interviews
- data collection - brainstorming - focus group |
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A popular SWOT technique involves posting a list of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats on the walls of a room and giving each participant a _______. After the participants vote, a leader guides the group through a _________. Often this leader is an _________. Other methods including using a __________ to complete the SWOT analysis.
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- set number of votes for each category (such as five votes for strengths, etc.)
- discussion of the outcome - external consultant - consulting team |
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A SWOT analysis for a large organization with many different business facets can be quite _______. A ______ should help orchestrate the extensive data. This includes conducting some ________ and _________. Usually this kind of process will involve several drafts that are shared with the team responsible for developing the ________.
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- extensive
- trained planner - data analysis - summary of critical points - strategic plan |
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SWOT is a system used to understand facts affecting _________.
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- strategy
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Another method used for analyzing a corporation's strengths and weaknesses is the _______ - both _______ and ______.
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- audit
- internal - external |
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An internal audit reviews the _________ and the degree of ________ the business mission has had.
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- mission statement
- success |
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The external audit addresses five categories: ________, ________, _________, ________, and _________. Analysis of these forces results in a picture of the ______ and _______ faced by a business.
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- economic forces
- social forces - political forces - technological forces - competitive forces - opportunities - threats |
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Local, state, and federal governments in the US as well as most major countries and even some emerging industrial nations maintain ________. World organizations like the _______ and the ___________ also maintain large data sources that provide information about what is happening at every social, civic, and cultural level.
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- government data bureaus
- United Nations - World Trade Organization |
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________ and ________ organizations also maintain research and data collection offices. ________ and ________ business trends is often on of the major activities of business associations.
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- Business
- professional - Tracking - anticipating |
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__________ all over the world fund research, and many ________ support scientific research as well. __________, like GM, IBM, AT&T, and Microsoft, have research and development divisions. Many of these companies publish the results of their research in _______. These research activities are often on the _______ and indicate ________.
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- Governments
- many universities - Large corporations - scientific journals - cutting edge - future applications |
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List four trends influencing strategic planning
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1. Globalization of the marketplace
2. Technology innovation 3. Security 4. Employment |
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Technology does not present a threat in its own rights as much as the _______ of technological innovation does.
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- rapid pace
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The cost of ________ will always be a factor for strategic planning. ________, _________ and ________ employment, ________, and _________ consulting have become major trends in the pattern of employment.
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- human resources
- Telecommuting - part-time - temporary - outsourcing - on-site |
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List three other types of data collection and analyses.
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1. Government data
2. Business association data 3. Research trends |
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__________ are the primary management tool for achieving any plan, whether it is a strategic, tactical, operational, or contingency plan. With ______ developed, a manager or management team can then prepare an ________.
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- Objectives
- objectives - action plan |
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Objectives are established for _____ and ______ term periods. In addition, intermediate objectives may be established as __________.
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- short-
- long- - benchmarks |
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Responsibility for achieving short-term objectives typically rests with ________. Intermediate objectives coincide with _______ duties and responsibilities. The achievement of long-term objectives is the primary concern of ________.
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- supervisors
- middle managers' - top management |
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_______, a noted management theorist, identified eight key areas in which any organization should have specific objectives on which to focus, especially long term. List these.
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- Peter Drucker
1. Market standing 2. Innovation 3. Profitability 4. Productivity 5. Physical and financial resources 6. Managerial performance and development 7. Workers performance and attitude 8. Public responsibility |
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Objectives establish ______ is to be done. To guide the organization's employees in _____ the work is to be performed, management develops a number of different types of action guidelines. Guidelines take the form of ________, ________, and _____. An action plan then incorporates _______ with a ______.
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- what
- how - policies - procedures - rules - procedures - schedule of work |
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Policies focus on a wide range of ____ or ______ that may be made by organization members _______.
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- actions
- decisions - any level of the organization |
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A policy describes the way _______ are completed or _________ are made in particular situations.
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- actions
- decisions |
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A policy statement represents management's ________ or _________ on a subject. Subordinates are expected to follow the policy guideline as they exercise _________, make ________, or take _____.
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- preference
- commitments - authority - decisions - actions |
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It is important to recognize that a policy is not, as a rule, a ____ or a completely _________. A policy is intended to be a guideline that is honored in most instances, but leaves room for __________.
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- law
- rigid requirement - justified exceptions |
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Activities that are repeated frequently are _____, and the best or preferred ways of responding or performing are ________. The preferred steps are then written into a ___________. Persons performing these activities are guided into a ____________ by the requirements of the procedure.
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- studied
- identified - procedure - highly consistent pattern of behavior |
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Strategic plans -
______ management ______ range |
- upper-level
- long |
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Tactical plans -
______ management ______ range lasts only as long as ______ |
- middle
- short - a specific objective requires |
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Operational plans -
______ management Range? |
- first-line
- few hours, few days, or it may even have an entire annual cycle |
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Standing-use plans can be of any classification - _______, _____, _______, and even ______ if they guide _____, ______,or ________.
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- strategic
- tactical - operational - contingency - daily - weekly - frequent routines |
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Success can be determined by the degree to which an objective was _____.
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- reached
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Achieving 95 percent of an objective may be considered acceptable, but the _______ of whether the plan of operation is working must be made.
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- determination
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Exceeding the objective by 5 to 10 percent is also good, but the plan should be reviewed so that a more ________ can be made.
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- accurate forecast
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A strategic plan should be adjusted when the ________ are expected to change. A change in complaint rate is not the basis for _______ the strategic plan.
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- trends
- shifting |
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Plans should be adjusted according to ____________.
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- factors determined in the plan
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Communicating is the process of sharing _____ in such a way that others will _______ and be able to _____ the transmitted information.
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- ideas
- understand - use |
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In converting mission statements into action, upper managerial levels create ________.
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- policy statements
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Policies cover a wide range of actions and decisions; however they are crucial for _____ and _______ on the organization's mission and values.
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- guiding change
- maintaining focus |
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__________ specify how management and employees will work together in the organizational structure. A policy will express a ____ or ______.
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- Policy statements
- value - specific conduct |
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Procedures must be carefully _________ and __________ to employees.
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- developed
- articulated |
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All situations ____ be covered in policies. Policies are ________ and the _______ is to be considered.
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- cannot
- guidelines - intent |
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It is desirable that formal policies by _________. Having to put policies _______ requires the manager to _____ them through carefully to develop clear and consistent guides.
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- written
- in writing - think |
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The wording of a written policy cannot be changed by _________.
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- word of mouth
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Written policy helps new supervisors become more familiar with the _________ and its __________ rather quickly.
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- company
- established policies |
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The development of companywide policies and procedures manuals helps _________ many practices that formerly were _________ or ________.
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- standardize
- hearsay - "carried around in people's heads" |
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Once established, the supervisor will be able to apply ________ in making decisions.
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- standardization
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Policies affect ________ engaged in business activities for the firm and every person or company _________.
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- every person
- served by the firm |
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___________ relations as well as _______ relations are very important considerations in establishing appropriate company policies.
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- Employee
- public |
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Form firms to be responsive to the needs of customers or clients, public relations policies must be established so that:
a. _______ and ______ are provided to meet public demand b. Customers/clients are provided with the _______ c. Marketing practices adhere to the requirements of ______ and are directed toward the ______. |
- Products
- services - kinds of services expected - legislation - public benefit |
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Many company policies are designed to maintain __________ throughout the firm. Not only do these provide benefits to the employees, but indirectly they also will help increase the ______ and _________ demonstrated by the employees.
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- good employee relations
- morale - motivation |
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Employee relations policies relate to what 7 things.
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1. Hiring
2. Training 3. Promoting 4. Employee Assistance Program 5. Retiring and discharging 6. Employee benefits 7. Support formal authority system |
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Policies and procedures in effect within an organization communicate the expectations of the __________. In other words, everyone within the organization is expected to support these policies and procedures or be willing to ________ with the organization.
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- formal authority system
- sever their relationships |
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Management by objectives is specifically designed to gain _________ of the final plan and objectives. _________ is generally credited with originating this approach, through his insistence that each person responsible for achieving an objective clearly ___________ and ___________ on objectives.
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- mutual acceptance
- Peter Drucker - understanding - agreeing |
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List three characteristics of Management by Objectives (MBO)
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1. Mutual setting of objectives
2. Setting of measurable objectives 3. Regular monitoring and performance evaluation |
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The MBO Process is ___________.
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- time consuming
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_________ must support MBO and be ______ in it.
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- Top management
- involved |
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Some individuals are not ____________ by participation in MBO.
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- positively motivated
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If an employee emphasized _________ MBO goals, work team and organizational goals may be _______.
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- personal
- ignored |
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Corporations often will state their ethical views in their mission statements or in an actual statement called a _________.
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- code of ethics
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Each ___________ publishes its own code of ethics as well. Often the punishment for violating the code will be _________ from the profession.
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- professional organization
- expulsion |
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Businesses have _________ as well. Some business and organizational groups like publishing and oil companies and insurance groups will prepare statements concerning proper ______ of both corporations and representatives of corporations. These _________ indicate types of practices that may create unfair advantage.
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- codes of ethics
- conduct - codes of conduct |
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Ethical behaviors are beneficial to both __________ and _______. Guidelines are usually listed in the __________.
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- managers
- employees - company policy manual |
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Knowing your _______ values are in agreement with those of your _______ and _______ is an important part of striving for success.
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- personal
- coworkers - employer |
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Corporations have an __________ to all of its stakeholders - all persons whom the organization is dedicated to serve. Internal responsibility is to _______, where external responsibility is to ________, the ______, and to _____ as a whole.
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- ethical responsibility
- all employees - stockholders - community - society |
