Cap Ch 1 - Intro To Physiological Principles

Front 1

physiology

Back 1

the study of how animals work

the structure and function of various parts and how these parts work together

Front 2

unifying themes of biology

Back 2

obeying physical and chemical laws
homeostasis
genotype vs. phenotype
evolutionary changes

Front 3

Hippocrates

Back 3

father of medicine (460-377 BC)

Front 4

Galenus (Galen)

Back 4

first experimental physiologist (129-199)

- gladiator physician
- autopsied baboons
- theory of Red Blood Cells
food is consumed > converted to RBC > RBC distribute to organs > organs consume RBC

Front 5

Vesalius

Back 5

first modern anatomy textbook with images (1514-1564)

Front 6

Harvey

Back 6

circulation of blood through the the body by contractions of the heart

modern theory of RBC come from bone marrow

Front 7

Schleiden and Schwann

Back 7

Cell Theory (1838)
1) everything consists of one or more cells
2) all cells come from pre-existing cells
3) CHECK LECTURE AUDIO

Front 8

Bernard

Back 8

internal environment is distinct from the external environment (1813-1878)

Front 9

Cannon

Back 9

coined the term homeostasis (1871-1945)

internal consistency

Front 10

Prosser

Back 10

central pattern generators (1907-2002)

neurons coordinate to control specific organs

Front 11

branches of phyiology

Back 11

cell & molecular physiology
systems physiology
organismal physiology
ecological physiology
integrative physiology

Front 12

cell & molecular physiology

Back 12

the study of genetics, metabolism, organelles

Front 13

systems physiology

Back 13

the study of the function of organs

Front 14

organismal physiology

Back 14

the study of the whole animal

Front 15

ecological physiology

Back 15

the study of the animal and its environment

Front 16

integrative physiology

Back 16

the study of multiple levels of organization

Front 17

reductionism

Back 17

understand a system by studying the function of its individual parts

Front 18

emergence

Back 18

the whole is more than the sum of its parts

Front 19

emergent properties

Back 19

the whole is better than the original parts

Front 20

processes that cause physiological variation

Back 20

developmental, environmental, and evolutionary physiology

Front 21

unifying themes in physiology

Back 21

1) physiological processes obey the laws of physics and chemistry
2) physiological processes are usually regulated
3) the physiological phenotype is a product of the the genotype and the environment
4) a genotype is the product of evolution, acting through natural selection and other evolutionary processes

Front 22

physics and chemistry of physiology

Back 22

1) physical properties of cells & tissues are linked to structure and function
2) molecular interactions are governed by chemical laws (thermodynamics and kinetics)
3) electrical laws describe membrane function; especially excitable cells (nerves & muscles)
4) body size influences physiological patterns (allometric scaling)

Front 23

allometric scaling

Back 23

y = metabolic rates
a = standardizing coefficient
M = mass of the organism
b = allometric coefficient (usually 3/4)

allows you to compare small and large animals
usually as the volume increases the surface area does not increase

Front 24

strategies for coping with changing conditions

Back 24

conformers and regulators

Front 25

conformers

Back 25

allow internal conditions to change with external conditions

ex: fish in changing water temeratures

Front 26

regulators

Back 26

maintain relatively constant internal conditions regardless of external conditions

ex: humans aided by sweat and shivering

Front 27

homeostasis

Back 27

maintenance of internal conditions in the face of environmental perturbations

controlled by feedback loops or reflex control pathways

example of antagonistic control is body temperature regulation

Front 28

positive feedback loop

Back 28

generate and explosive response; require a LOT of energy

send out stimulus > get a response > continue stimulus

ex: natural birth oxytocin, blood clotting

Front 29

negative feedback loop

Back 29

maintain homeostasis; prefered by the body, require less energy

send out stimulus > get a response > stop

ex: air conditioner thermostat

Front 30

phenotype

Back 30

a product of the genotype and its interaction with the environment

morphology, physiology, behavior

Front 31

genotype

Back 31

genetic makeup

Front 32

phenotypic plasticity

Back 32

the ability of a phenotype to change in response to environmental conditions

single genotype generates more than one phenotype depending on environmental conditions

can be irreversible or reversible

Front 33

polyphenism

Back 33

developmental plasticity
an example of irreversible phenotypic plasticity

Front 34

acclimation

Back 34

reversible phenotypic plasticity under laboratory conditions

ex: fish

Front 35

acclimatization

Back 35

reversible phenotypic plasticity in the natural environment

ex: fish

Front 36

2 questions that analyze the diversity of anatomic & physiologic strategies animals use to cope with their environment

Back 36

proximate cause and ultimate cause

Front 37

proximate cause

Back 37

Asks how did these develop?

Front 38

ultimate cause

Back 38

Asks why are these changes helpful?

Front 39

adaptation

Back 39

change in a population over evolutionary time (many generations)

allows for variations that are best adapted to the specific environment

synonym for acclimation

Front 40

basis for evolution and natural selection

Back 40

- variation among individuals for specific traits
- traits must be heritable
- traits must increase fitness (increase reproductive success)
- relative fitness of different genotypes depends on the environment (if the environment changes, the trait may no longer be beneficial)

Front 41

genetic drift

Back 41

random changes is the frequency of genotypes over time

independent of adaptive evolution
most common in small populations (founder effect)

NOT all differences are adaptations

Front 42

founder effect

Back 42

A change in the gene pool of a population due to chance.

A change in the allele frequency of a population as a result of chance events rather than natural selection.

ex: only red lady bugs land on an island

Front 43

evolutionary relationships

Back 43

- despite the diversity in animal form and function, there are many similarities; common evolutionary ancestors

- closely related species share more features than distantly related species

- understanding evolution is necessary to understanding physiological diversity