Canine Cardiovascular System

Front 1

Thinking of blood as a connective tissue, what is its ground substance, cells, and fibers?

Back 1

Ground substance: plasma
Cells: red & white cells, thrombocytes
Fibers: plasma proteins

Front 2

Blood comprises ______% of body weight.

Back 2

7%

Front 3

The "formed elements" of blood refer to

Back 3

Red blood cells, WBC, platelets

Front 4

Name three functions of blood.

Back 4

1) Transports O2, nutrients, enzymes, waste, hormones
2) Regulates temp, pH, and fluid volume
3) Protection: prevents blood loss through clotting factors, WBCs protect against infection

Front 5

Fluid volume equals:

Back 5

Intake minus excretion

Front 6

How do the kidneys assist in fluid homeostasis and blood pressure regulation?

Back 6

help control sodium and fluid levels

Front 7

Plasma makes up ___% of whole blood and is comprised of 10% _______ and 90% _____.

Back 7

55% of whole blood
10% solutes, 90% water

Front 8

Formed elements make up ____% of whole blood. Name three formed elements.

Back 8

45% of whole blood
red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets

Front 9

Name the function of red blood cells

Back 9

carry gases

Front 10

what molecule allows red blood cells to perform their function?

Back 10

hemoglobin

Front 11

Red blood cells are unusual cells in that they:

Back 11

have no nucleus

Front 12

The average lifespan of red blood cells is

Back 12

lifespan of 110 days

Front 13

Give another name for white blood cells and name their function

Back 13

leukocytes, fight infection

Front 14

Give another name for platelets and name their function

Back 14

thrombocytes
protection- prevent blood loss by coagulation

Front 15

How do thrombocytes prevent blood loss?

Back 15

attach to lining of blood vessels and release clotting factors

Front 16

How many clotting factors are there?

Back 16

12

Front 17

Describe the location of the heart in canines.

Back 17

between lungs, surrounded by serosa
mediastinum
between 3rd to 6th rib

Front 18

Define pericardium

Back 18

double layered serous membrane covering the heart

Front 19

Name the layers of the pericardium

Back 19

fibrous- outer
serous- inner

they are fused

Front 20

Name the inner layer of the pericardium and give its function

Back 20

serous- produces fluid to lubricate heart as it contracts & relaxes

Front 21

Name the three layers of the heart wall and what they are made of.

Back 21

epicardium- visceral serosa
myocardium- muscle
endocardium- internal lining of epithelium

Front 22

synonym for atria

Back 22

auricles

Front 23

AV valves refers to

Back 23

right and L atrioventricular valves

Front 24

systole

Back 24

contraction phase of the heart

Front 25

diastole

Back 25

relaxation phase of the heart

Front 26

stroke volume

Back 26

amt of blood pumped by ventricle during contraction

Front 27

oxygenated blood goes first to
a) the body
b) the heart

Back 27

b) the heart

Front 28

coronary circulation

Back 28

blood supply to the heart itself

Front 29

intrinsic conduction system

Back 29

electrical system of the heart that allows the heart to be self-excitable

Front 30

auscultation

Back 30

heart sounds

Front 31

arteries carry blood (to/away from) the heart

Back 31

carry blood away from the heart

Front 32

veins carry blood (to/away from) the heart

Back 32

carry blood back to the heart

Front 33

arterioles

Back 33

small arteries

Front 34

venules

Back 34

small veins

Front 35

capillaries allow ________ ________

Back 35

allow nutrient exchange

Front 36

define blood pressure

Back 36

pressure of blood as it is forced agains tthe walls of the arteries with each ventricular contraction

Front 37

define pulse

Back 37

heart beats per minute
aka heart rate

Front 38

most common place to monitor pulse

Back 38

femoral artery

Front 39

ischemia

Back 39

decreased blood flow

Front 40

avascular

Back 40

lack of blood supply

Front 41

Give two examples of avascular tissue

Back 41

epidermis
cartilage

Front 42

venous return

Back 42

venous blood flow back to heart

Front 43

Name two ways massage increases blood circulation/ reduces ischemia

Back 43

1) deep stroking mechanically assists venous return
2) temporarily increases systolic stroke volume

Front 44

How does massage decrease the heart rate and blood pressure?

Back 44

heart rate through decreased stim of the sympathetic nervous system

BP temporarily decreased by dilation of capillaries

Front 45

What benefit of massage is delivered by increasing blood circulation?

Back 45

improved delivery and removal of products in the blood

Front 46

Name two effects of massage on the formed elements of blood

Back 46

increases the # of functional RBCs

increases # of thrombocytes

Front 47

Name 5 types of leukocytes

Back 47

1) neutrophil- phagocytes
2) monocyte- become macrophages
3) eosinophil- shut down allergic and parasitic response
4)lymphocyte- produce antibodies; acquired immune response
5) basophil- initiate allergic reactions

Front 48

What is the most abundant leukocyte in dogs, cats and horses?

Back 48

neutrophils

Front 49

Which leukocyte is considered the first line of defense?

Back 49

neutrophils

Front 50

Which leukocyte produces histamine and heparin

Back 50

produced by basophils

Front 51

The function of basophils is

Back 51

causes inflamation in allergic responses

Front 52

If a dog has high eosinophils and basophils, suspect:

Back 52

heartworm is common when these cells are elevated

Front 53

What is the most common leukocyte in ruminants and pigs?

Back 53

lymphocytes

Front 54

Name two phagocytic leukocytes

Back 54

neturophil, monocyte (as a macrophage)

Front 55

phagocytic

Back 55

type of cell that engulfs another cell or debris

Front 56

neutrophils phagocytize:

Back 56

viruses and bacteria

Front 57

the sounds we call heart beats are caused by

Back 57

closing of various valves in the heart

Front 58

which is the only vein that carries oxygenated blood?

Back 58

pulmonic veins

Front 59

Which are the only arteries that carry deoxygenated blood?

Back 59

pulmonic arteries

Front 60

what causes heart valves to open and close?

Back 60

increased blood pressure in the heart cavities

Front 61

The pulmonic veins take blood from the ____ to the _____.

Back 61

take blood from lungs to heart

Front 62

The pulmonic arteries take blood from the ______ to the _______.

Back 62

carry blood from the heart to lungs.

Front 63

The aorta takes blood from the ______ to the _______.

Back 63

carries blood from the heart to the system

Front 64

The cranial and caudal vena cavae take blood from the ______ to the _______.

Back 64

carry blood from the sytem to the heart

Front 65

The pulmonic veins empty into the ____ side of the heart, which pumps blood to the ______.

Back 65

Left side of heart, to the system

Front 66

The cranial and caudal vena cavae empty into the ____ side of the heart, which pumps blood to the ______.

Back 66

right, to the the lungs

Front 67

The AV valves operate between the ______ and the _____.

Back 67

between the auricles/ atria and the ventricles

Front 68

The Pulmonic valve operates between the ______ and the _____.

Back 68

between the right ventricle and the pulmonic arteries to the lungs

Front 69

The aortic valve operates between the ______ and the _____.

Back 69

between the left ventricle and the aorta to the system