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139 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is anaplasia?
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cells revert back to their mesenchymal origin
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What is metaplasia?
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replacement of 1 cell type for another
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What is dysplasia?
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loss of cell to cell contact inhibition- cells begin to crawl on top of each other
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What is the first stage of cancer?
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dysplasia
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What stage is all cancer screening done to catch cancer?
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dysplasia
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WHat 2 hormones do all malignant neoplasms produce?
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angiogenin and endostatin
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Should you assume a breast or ovary mass is benign or malignant?
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benign, take out always
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Any other mass other than the breast or ovary should be treated how?
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biopsy and removed only if its malignant
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Where is cancer metastasis most common?
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brain, lungs, bone, liver, adrenal and pericardium
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How do you know a mass is a tumor by it's name?
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ends in 'oma'
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How do you know a mass is cancer originating from the epithelium?
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ends in carcinoma
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How do you know a mass is cancer originating from connective tissue?
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ends in sarcoma
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What is the most common intracranial tumor?
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meningioma
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What does a meningioma do?
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displaces the brain
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What is the most common primary brain tumor?
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astrocytoma
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What is the most common clue pointing to neurofibromatosis?
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cafe au lait spots (a.k.a. hyperpigmented macules)
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What chromosome is neurofibromatosis associated with?
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17/22
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What is a classic clue for Sturge-Weber syndrome?
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port wine stain on forehead (lrg. flat blood vessel on forehead)
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What is a classic clue for tuberous sclerosis?
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ashen leaf spots
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What is the most common primary brain cancer?
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glioblastoma multiforme
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What does every pituitary tumor have?
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increased prolactin
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What is the most common pituitary tumor?
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pituitary adenoma
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What is the most common FUNCTIONAL pituitary tumor?
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prolactinoma
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What is the most common pineal tumor?
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pineal adenoma
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What is the most common pineal cancer?
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adenocarinoma
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What is a classic clue to a posterior fossa tumor?
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present early with vomitting
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What are common tumors in the posterior fossa?
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medulloblastoma and craniopharyngioma
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What tumor has a motor oil appearance?
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crainopharyngioma
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Where does a craniopharyngioma develop from?
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Rathke's pouch
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What is the mc cancer in children?
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ALL
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What is the most common cancer in men?
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prostate, lung, colon
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What is the most common cancer in women?
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breast, lung, colon
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What is mainly located in the posterior mediastinum?
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ganglia
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What is the most common tumor of the posterior mediastinum? Cancer?
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tumor- neuroma
cancer- neuroblastoma |
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What is the most common abdominal mass in children?
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neuroblastoma
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What is a classic clue to neuroblastoma?
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hypsarrythmia- dancing eyes
opsoclonus- dancing feet |
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What is the second most common abdominal mass in children?
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Wilm's tumor
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What is the adult version of neuroblastoma?
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pheochromocytoma
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What is located in the anterior mediastinum?
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thymus, thyroid, t-cell leukemias/lymphomas, teratomas
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What is the most common tumor of the thymus?
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thyoma
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What is the most common cancer of the thymus?
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adenecarcinoma
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What is the most common mass in the thyroid?
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cyst (thyroglossal)
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What is the most common tumor in the thyroid?
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follicular adenoma
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What is the most common cancer in the thyroid?
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papillary carcinoma
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What is a risk factor for papillary carcinoma?
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previous radiation
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Where is the parathyroid located?
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behind the thyroid glands
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What is the most common parathyroid tumor?
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parathyroid adenoma
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What is the most common cause of isolated hypercalcemia?
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parathyroid adenoma
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What is the most common parathyroid cancer?
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adenocarcinoma
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Where is the parafollicular gland located?
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behind the thyroids
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What is the most common tumor of the parafollicular gland?
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adenoma
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What is the most common cancer of the parafollicular gland?
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medullary carcinoma of the thyroid
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What does medullary carcinoma of the thyroid produce?
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calcitonin
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What does the middle mediastinum contain?
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the heart
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What are the 3 layers of the heart?
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endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium
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What encases the heart?
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pericardium
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What is the most common tumor of the endocardium?
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myxoma
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Where are the majority of myxoma seen?
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in the left atrium
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What is a clue to a myxoma diagnosis?
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middle aged female who passes out, only to recover a few seconds later
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What is the most common cancer of the endocardium?
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angiosarcoma
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What is the most common tumor of the myocardium?
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rhabdomyoma
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What is the most common cancer of the myocardium?
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rhabdomyosarcoma
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What is the most common tumor of the pericardium?
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fibroma
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What is the most common cancer of the pericardium?
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metastases
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What is the most common lung mass in children?
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hamartoma
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What is the most common lung mass in adults?
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granuloma
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What is the most common intrathoracic cancer?
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squamous cell carcinoma
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In the central lung, what hormone does squamous cell carcinoma produce?
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PTH
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In the central lung, what hormone does small cell carcinoma produce?
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ACTH, ADH, PTH, TSH
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What is the only reason that serum Na <120?
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SIADH
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What is the only primary lung cancer not related to smoking?
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bronchoalveolar adenocarcinoma
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Bissinosis is common in whom?
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cotton picker
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Berryliosis is common in whom?
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radio and television antenna workers
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In the pleural cavity, what is the most common tumor or cancer?
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mesothelioma
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What drug pulls iron out of the body?
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deferoxime
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What is the most common mass of the nasopharynx?
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polyp
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What is the most common tumor of the nasopharynx?
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fibroma
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What is the most common cancer of the nasopharynx?
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nasopharyngeal carcinoma
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What is a nasopharyngeal carcinoma associated with?
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chinese women and EBV association
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What is a steroid that induces appetite?
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magesterol
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What is the most common cancer of the gallbladder?
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adenocarcinoma
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Why is adenocarcinoma of the gall bladder such a poor prognosis?
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it's hidden behind the liver and by the time it's caught, it's too late
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What elevated levels will you see with a glucagonoma?
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glucose, lipids, and ketones
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What elevated levels will you see with an insulinoma?
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insulin and high c-peptide
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What is the most common mass of the ovary?
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follicular cyst
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What is the most common tumor of the ovary?
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serous cystadenoma
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What is the most common cancer of the ovary?
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serous cystadenocarcinoma
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A granulosa cell tumor of the ovary is associated with what level of hormone?
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high estrogen
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Yolk sac cancer of the ovary is associated with high levels of what?
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high AFP
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Choriocarcinoma of the ovary is associated with high levels of what?
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high HCG
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What is ascites or pleural effusion associated with?
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ovarian cancer
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What hormone is endometrial adenocarcinoma dependent on?
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estrogen
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What does endometrial adenocarcinoma present with?
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bleeding between periods
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What is the most common cervix cancer?
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squamous cell carcinoma
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Condyloma lata is secondary to what? Appearance?
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syphilis- fleshy appearance
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Condyloma accuminatum is secondary to what? Appearance?
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HPV- verrucous or mushroom-like warts
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What is the treatment for outside warts?
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podophyllin drops or cryosurgery
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What is the treatment for inside warts?
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trichloracedic acid
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Cervical cancer is what type of cancer?
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squamous cell carcinoma
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WHen do you start to screen for HPV?
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age 30
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What is the most common mass in the vagina?
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warts, then bartholin cyst
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What is the most common cancer of the vagina?
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in the upper half it's squamous cell carcinoma and in the lower half it's skeletal muscle cancer- rhabdomyosarcoma
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What is a rhabdomyosarcoma described as?
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ball or grapes when removed
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In the kidney, what is the most common child cancer? Adult?
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child- Wilm's tumor
adults- renal cell adenocarcinoma |
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What are the classic clues to a Wilm's tumor in children?
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aniridia- no color in eyes
hemihypertrophy |
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Where does 90% of renal cancer occur?
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superior pole of the kidney
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What is the most common bladder mass?
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diverticulum
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What is the most common bladder tumor?
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leiomyoma
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What is the most common bladder cancer?
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transitional cell adenocarcinoma
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What complications do you see with diverticulum?
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UTIs and kidney stones
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What is the treatment for BPH?
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terazicin/doxazocin, tamsulocin, fenesteride
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What is the most common testicle mass in newborns?
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hydrocele
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What is the most common testicular mass in adults?
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hematoma
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What is the most common testicular mass in older adults?
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vericicele
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What is the most common testicular cancer in the first year of life?
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yolk sac cancer
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What is the most common cancer in teens and adults?
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seminoma
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What is the most common skin cancer?
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basal cell carcinoma
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What is the most common skin malignancy?
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squamous cell carcinoma
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What is the bone epiphysis made of?
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cartilage
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What is bone diaphysis made of?
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osteocytes
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What is the most common tumor of the diaphysis?
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osteoma
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What is the most common cancer of the diaphysis?
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metastases
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What is the most common cancer of the diaphysis?
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osteosarcoma
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What is a diaphysis osteosarcoma described as?
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star burst appearance on the cortex
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What is the primary bone cancer of the diaphysis in children?
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Ewing's osteosarcoma
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What is Ewing's osteosarcoma described looking like?
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onion skinning in bone
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What is multiple myeloma called when it's a single lesion?
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plasmacytoma
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In multiple myeloma, what Ig is usually seen to be greatly increased?
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IgG
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What is the most common mass in the breast?
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cyst
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Under the age of 25, what is the most common tumor in the breast?
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fibroadenoma
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Over the age of 25, what is the most common tumor in the breast?
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fibrocystic disease
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What is the most common breast cancer?
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intraductal adenocarcinoma
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Fibroadenomas are dependent on what hormone?
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estrogen
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Fibrocystic disease is dependent on what?
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progesterone
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What color fluid presents on aspiration of fibrocystic disease?
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greenish fluid
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Intraductal adenocarcinoma is dependent on what hormone?
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estrogen
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What feature does intraductal adenocarcinoma usually present with?
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a dimple
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Nipple bleeding means what disease?
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intraductal papilloma
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In treating breast cancer, how does tamoxifin work?
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anti-estrogen at the breast and pituitary
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