Cancer Genetics, Markers And Associations

Front 1

Down syndrome

Back 1

ALL

Front 2

Xeroderma pigmentosum, albinism

Back 2

Melanoma and basal, squamous cell carcinoma

Front 3

chronic atrophic gastritis, pernicious anemia, postsrug gastric remnants

Back 3

gastric adenocarc

Front 4

tuberous sclerosis (facial angiofibroma, seizures, MR)

Back 4

astrocytoma, cardiac rhabdomyoma

Front 5

Actinic keratosis

Back 5

sq cell carc

Front 6

barretts eso

Back 6

eso adenocarc

Front 7

Plummer Vinson sydrome (atrophic glossitis, eso webs, anemia, all due to Fe def)

Back 7

sq cell carc of esophagus

Front 8

cirrhosis (alcoholic, hep B or C)

Back 8

hepatocellular carc

Front 9

ulcerative colitis (Crohns)

Back 9

colonic adenocarc

Front 10

Pagets disease of bone

Back 10

secondary osteosarc, fibrosarc

Front 11

Immunodef states

Back 11

malignant lymphomas

Front 12

AIDS

Back 12

aggressive malignant lyphomas (NHL) and Kaposis

Front 13

AI disease (Hashimotos, MG)

Back 13

benign and malignant thymomas

Front 14

Acanthosis nigricans (hyperpigmentation and epidermal thickening)

Back 14

visceral malignancy

Front 15

dysplastic nevus

Back 15

malignant melanoma

Front 16

achalasia

Back 16

sq eso carc

Front 17

sjogrens

Back 17

B cell lymphoma

Front 18

abl gene

Back 18

CML

Front 19

c-myc gene

Back 19

Burkitts lymphoma

Front 20

bcl-2

Back 20

follicular and undifferentiated lymphoma

Front 21

erb-B2

Back 21

breast, ovarian, gastric carcinoma

Front 22

ras

Back 22

colon carcinoma

Front 23

L-myc

Back 23

lung tumor

Front 24

N-myc

Back 24

neuroblastoma

Front 25

ret

Back 25

MEN II and III

Front 26

Rb

Back 26

retinoblastoma, osteosarcoma

Front 27

BRCA 1 and 2

Back 27

breast and ovarian cancer

Front 28

p53

Back 28

most human cancers, Li Fraumeni syndrome

Front 29

p16

Back 29

melanoma

Front 30

APC

Back 30

colorectal cancer

Front 31

WT1

Back 31

wilms tumor

Front 32

NF1

Back 32

neurofibromatosis 1

Front 33

NF2

Back 33

neurofibromatosis 2

Front 34

DPC

Back 34

pancreatic cancer

Front 35

DCC

Back 35

colon cancer

Front 36

PSA

Back 36

prostate cancer; used for screening but increased with any prostate pathology

Front 37

CEA

Back 37

carcinoembryonic antigen- colorectal, pancreatic, gastric, breast

Front 38

AFP

Back 38

hepatocellular carc, yolk sac tumor (germ cell tumor of testis)

Front 39

B HCG

Back 39

hydatiform moles, choriocarc, gestational trophoblastic tumor

Front 40

CA-125

Back 40

ovarian, malignant epithelial tumors

Front 41

S-100

Back 41

melanoma, neural tumors, astrocytomas

Front 42

Alk phos

Back 42

mets to bone, obstructive biliary disease, Pagets

Front 43

bombesin

Back 43

neuroblastoma, lung and gastric cancer

Front 44

TRAP

Back 44

hairy cell leukemia

Front 45

CA-19-9

Back 45

pancreatic adenocarc

Front 46

MTX mechanism

Back 46

folic acid analog that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, resulting in decreased DNA and protein synthesis

Front 47

clinical use MTX

Back 47

leukemias, lymphomas, choriocarc, sarcomas, abortions, ectopic pregnancy, RA, psoriasis

Front 48

MTX tox

Back 48

myelosuppression reversible with leucovorin (folinic acid), macrovesicular fatty change in liver, neural tube defects, lung problems

Front 49

5FU mechanism

Back 49

pyrimidine analog inhibits thymidylate synthase

Front 50

5FU use

Back 50

colon cancer and other solid tumors, basal cell carc, synergy with MTX (actinic keratoses)
similar to flucytosine

Front 51

5FU tox

Back 51

myelosuppression which is not reversible with leucovorin, photosensitivity; rescue with thymidine

Front 52

6MP mechanism

Back 52

blocks de novo purine synthesis by inhibiting PRPP synthetase, activated by HGPRTase

Front 53

6MP use

Back 53

leukemias, lymphomas

Front 54

6MP tox

Back 54

bone marrow, GI, liver
metabolized by xanthine ox so increased tox with allopurinol

Front 55

ara-C

Back 55

inhibits DNA pol (just like acyclovir, foscarnet, and rifampin)
used in AML
tox: leukopenia, TCP, megalo anemia

Front 56

cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide

Back 56

alkylating agent- x link interstrand DNA, requires bioactivation by liver
used for NHL, breast/ovarian carc, immunosupressant
tox: myelosuppression, hemorrhagic cystitis

Front 57

nitrosureas

Back 57

"Mustines"
alkylate DNA, require bioactivation, cross BBB - use for brain cancers
tox: CNS problems

Front 58

cisplatin, carboplatin

Back 58

alkylating agent
used for testicular, bladder, ovary and lung cancer
tox: nephrotoxic and acoustic nerve damage

Front 59

busulfan

Back 59

alkylates DNA, used in CML, tox: pulm fibrosis, hyperpigmentation

Front 60

doxorubicin, daunorubicin mechanism

Back 60

generate free radicals and noncovalent intercalate DNA (creating breaks in DNA)
used for hodkins, myelomas, sarcomas, and solid tumors

Front 61

doxorubin and daunorubicin tox

Back 61

cardiotox

Front 62

dactinomycin

Back 62

intercalates DNA
use: wilms tumor, ewings sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma
tox: myelosuppression

Front 63

bleomycin

Back 63

induces formation of free radicals which cause breaks in DNA strands
used for testicular cancer, lymphomas
tox: pulmonary fibrosis, skin changes

Front 64

etoposide

Back 64

inhibits topoisomerase II and increases DNA degradation
used in small cell carc of lung, prostate and testicular carcinoma

Front 65

prednisone tox

Back 65

Cushing like symtoms, immunosuppression, cataracts, acne, osteoporosis, hypertension, peptic ulcers, hyperglycemia, psychosis

Front 66

predisone use

Back 66

CLL, Hodgkins lymphoma, AI disease

Front 67

tamoxifen, raloxifene

Back 67

receptor antagonists in breast, agonists in bone; block binding of estrogen to estrogen receptor positive cells
use: breast cancer

Front 68

SERM tox

Back 68

may increase risk of endomitrial carc, hot flashes
raloxifene will not cause endomitral carc because it is an antagonist at the uterus
can be used in breast cancer prevention

Front 69

trastuzumab

Back 69

helps kill breast cancer cells that overexpress HER2, cardiotoxic

Front 70

Imatinib

Back 70

philadelphia chromosome brc-abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor
CML, GI stromal tumors

Front 71

paclitaxel, taxols

Back 71

bind to tubulin and hyperstabilize polymerized microtubules so that mitotic spindle cannot break down
used in ovarian and breast carc

Front 72

vincristine, vinblastine

Back 72

bind to tubulin and block polymerization of MT so that mitotic spindle cannot form
used for lymphoma, Wilms, choriocarc
vincristine- neurotox, paralytic ileus
vinblastine- blasts bone marrow (suppression)