Cancer-Final

Front 1

T0

Back 1

No evidence of primary tumor

Front 2

Tis

Back 2

Carcinoma in situ (at original site)

Front 3

T1-4

Back 3

ascending degrees of increase in tumor size & involvement

Front 4

Tx

Back 4

Tumor cannot be measured or found

Front 5

N0

Back 5

No evidence of disease in lymph nodes

Front 6

N1-4

Back 6

Ascending degrees of nodal involvement

Front 7

Nx

Back 7

Regional lymph nodes unable to be assessed clinically

Front 8

M0

Back 8

No evidence of distant metastasis

Front 9

M1-4

Back 9

Ascending degrees of metastatic involvement, including distant noded

Front 10

Mx

Back 10

Cannot be determined

Front 11

First stage of cancer development

Back 11

Initiation

Front 12

What happens during initiation?

Back 12

Cell's genetic structure is mutated

Front 13

Causes of mutation

Back 13

Carcinogens

• chemical
• radiation
• viral

Front 14

2nd stage of cancer development

Back 14

Promotion

Front 15

Promoting factors of promotion

Back 15

• dietary fat
• obesity
• cigarette smoking
• alcohol

Front 16

3rd stage of cancee development

Back 16

Progression

Front 17

• increased growth of the tumor
• increased invasiveness
• metastasis

Back 17

3rd stage: progression

Front 18

Benign characteristics

Back 18

• encapsulated
• well-differentiated
• no metastasis
• rare recurrence
• slight vascularity
• expansive growth
• fairly normal cells

Front 19

Malignant characteristics

Back 19

• not typically encapsulated
• poorly differentiated
• possible metastasis
• may recur
• mod-marked vascularity
• expansive & infiltrative growth
• abnormal cells

Front 20

TNM Classification system

Back 20

T: Tumor Size and invasiveness

N: Lymph Nodes

M: Metastasis

Front 21

C.A.U.T.I.O.N

Back 21

• C= change in bowel or bladder habits
• A= a sore that does not heal
• U=unusual bleeding or discharge from any body orifice
• T= thickening or lump in the breast or elsewhere
• I= indigestion or difficulty swallowing
• O= obvious change in a wart or a mole
• N= nagging cough or hoarseness

Front 22

During diagnostic testing...

Back 22

• LISTEN
• Correct misconceptions
• Be patient
• Re-educate as needed
• DO NOT: give false hope, redirect, generalize or use overly technical terms

Front 23

CEA tumor marker

Back 23

colon & breast cancer

0-3.4 ng/mL

Front 24

AFP tumor marker

Back 24

Liver and testicular cancer

<12.8 IU/mL

Front 25

PSA tumor marker

Back 25

prostate cancer

0-4 ng/dL

Front 26

CA-125 tumor marker

Back 26

Ovarian cancer (Not reliable)

<35 U/mL

Front 27

Tissue removed for pathological analysis

Back 27

Biopsy

Front 28

Through the skin biopsy

Back 28

percutaneous

Front 29

Endoscopic biopsy

Back 29

lung, colon, bladder

Front 30

Surgical biopsy

Back 30

laparotomy, thoracotomy, craniotomy

Front 31

What is multimodal therapy?

Back 31

Using more than one therapy. More effective, greater risk of toxicity

Front 32

What is debulking?

Back 32

Removal of part of the tumor

Front 33

What follows debulking?

Back 33

Chemo and/or radiation

Front 34

Neoadjuvant chemo or radiation

Back 34

To shrink tumor or keep it under control

Front 35

Chemotherapy to: Cure

Back 35

• Burkitt's lymphoma
• Wilms' tumor
• Neuroblastoma
• Acute lymphocytic leukemia
• Hodgkin's lymphoma
• Testicular Cancer

Front 36

Chemotherapy to: Control

Back 36

• Breast Cancer
• Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
• Small cell lung cancer
• Ovarian Cancer

Front 37

Chemotherapy to: Palliation

Back 37

• Relieve pain
• Relieve obstruction
• Improve the sense of well being

Front 38

Chemo Affects

Back 38

Malignant cells and normal cells especially rapidly diving (Bone, GI, Skin)

Front 39

Acute toxicity

Back 39

Occurs during and immediately following drug administration

Front 40

Acute toxicity s/sx

Back 40

• anaphylactic
• hypersensitivity
• extravasation
• Anticipatory N&V
• Cardiac dysrhymias

Front 41

Delayed effects s/sx

Back 41

• delayed N&V
• mucositis
• alopecia
• skin rashes
• bone marrow suppression
• altered bowel function
• neurotoxicities

Front 42

Chronic Toxicities

Back 42

Damage to organs (heart, liver kidneys and lungs)

Long term effects that develop during/immediately after treatment or manifest later

Has lasting effects

Front 43

Radiation

Back 43

energy that is emitted from a source and travels through space or some material

Front 44

Low-energy beam radiation

Back 44

• expend energy quickly
• penetrates a short distance
• useful for skin lesions

Front 45

High-energy beam radiation

Back 45

• greater depth of penetration
• suitable for optimal dosing of internal targets while sparing the skin

Front 46

How often is radiation delivered?

Back 46

Once a day for 5 days a week for 2-8 weeks

Front 47

Radiosensitivity

Back 47

relative susceptibility of cells and tissues to the effects of radiation

Front 48

Internal radiation (Brachytherapy)

Back 48

Insertion into patient; emits radioactivity