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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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3 approaches to treating cancer
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Surgical excision
Irradiation Chemotherapy |
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______ factors: do not themselves produce cancer but increase the likelihood that genetic mutations will eventually result in cancer
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epigenetic
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The rate of proliferation of a cancer cell ( is/or is not ) faster than normal cells
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is not necessarily
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cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases (cdks) are what kind of regulators of the cell cycle
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positive regulators
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p53, Rb protein, and cdk inhibitors are what kind of regulators of the cell cycle
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negative
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proto-oncogene for EGF receptors produce what product
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HER2
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Her2 can be inhibited by ?
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trastuzumab
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the proto-oncogene for PDGF receptors can be inhibited by ?
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imatinib
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abl tyrosine kinase can be inhibited by ?
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imatinib
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The hallmark of cancer is resistance to ______
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apoptosis
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structures that cap ends of chromosomes and protect them
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Telomeres:
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Occurs in response to growth factors produced by the tumor
Growth of the tumor depends on the development of its own blood supply |
Angiogenesis
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Do poorly differentiated cancers carry a good or bad prognosis
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generally bad
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Secondary tumors formed by primary tumor cells at a site they have reached by circulation (occur more frequently in some tissues than the others)
Responses to regulatory factors are altered |
Metastases
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______ drug: any drug that can damage and kill cells
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cytotoxic
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______ hypothesis: A given therapy results in destruction of a constant percentage as opposed to a constant number of cells (drug capable of killing 99.99% of tumor cells will still leave 107 viable cells from a tumor initially consisting of 1011 cells)
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log-kill hypothesis
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In general the log kill hypothesisl is applicable to_________
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hematologic malignancies
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Solid tumors growth rate (increases/decreases) as the tumor gets larger
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decreases
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_______ model of tumor growth and regression: the growth fraction of the tumor decreases over time due to retardation of the growth (e.g. blood supply limitations)
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Gompertzian
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Cells of a solid tumor can be assigned to 3 compartments:
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Dividing cells, possibly constantly in cell cycle
Resting cells (cells in G0 phase) Cells that are no longer able to divide |
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Exert their action only on cells traversing the cell cycle
Most effective in hematologic malignancies, and in solid tumors with large population of proliferating cells |
Cell cycle specific drugs
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Can kill both cycling cells and cells in G0, but are more effective against cycling cells
Useful in high growth fraction and low growth fraction tumors |
Cell cycle nonspecific drugs
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cell cycle specific agents include what classes of drugs?
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antimetabolites
anti-tumor antibiotics epipodophyllotoxins taxanes vinca alkaloids |
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cell cycle non-specific agents include?
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alkylating agents
anthracyclines antitumor antbiotics camptothecins platinum analogs |
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________: drug that increases neutrophil numbers (reduces severity and duration of neutropenia). Can be given:
After chemotherapy Prior to large-dose chemotherapy to induce production of stem cells which are harvested and given back to the patient after the chemotherapy |
Recombinant G-CSF
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______: drug that increases red blood cell numbers (use restricted)
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Recombinant erythropoietin
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how do anticancer drugs induce an emetic response
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free radicals are generated, they in turn lead to release of 5-HT for enterochromaffin cells. the 5-HT interacts with the vagal nerve in the bowel which relays the message to the chemoreceptor zone and on to the emetic center in the medulla
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what is the primary resistance to cytotoxic drugs
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loss of p53 function
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what are the mechanisms of acquired resistance to cytotoxic drugs
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altered gene expression and expression of p-glycoprotein
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