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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the incident and mortality rate for cancer?
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1.4 million new cases/year in US
1 in 4 de4aths in US are cancer related 1500 pt die each day fro cancer |
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What is the definition of cancer?
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Abn and/or rapid cell growth that is difficult or impossible to control
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What is the characterization of cancer?
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Characterized by an invasion of normal health tissue which eventually destroys normal function
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What are the factors of pathophysiology of cancer?
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genetic
cellular immunological environmental |
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What are the three theories involving cancer?
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Multistage theory
Oncogenic theory Viral theory |
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What is Multistage theory?
when can cancer be stopped or slowed? |
(1) Initiation (2) promotion & (3) progression
Cancer can be stopped or slowed in the initiation and promotion stages |
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What is Oncogenic theory?
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Stimulus changes proto-oncongenes to mutated cell onogene. Normally immune system will control these. In cancer, growth is uncontrollable
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What is Viral theory?
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Genes from viruses affect a N host cell during mitosis
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Cancer can be transmitted via _____ _____?
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organ donation
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What are the s/s of warning signs of cancer? (CAUTION)
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Change in bowel/bladder habits
A sore that does not heal Unusual bleeding/discharge Thickening of breast tissue/lump Indigestion or dysphagia Obvious change in wart or mole Nagging cough or hoarseness |
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What is the only true diagnosis of cancer?
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Biopsy of the tissue
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What is the definition of metastasis?
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Rapid growth: uncontrolled, no rules for growth, w no function, metastasize easily, large nucleus, irregularly shaped
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What is a lab test for anemias and differential counts?
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CBC
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What is a lab test for parathyroid?
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Ca++
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What is a lab test for liver?
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AST
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What is a lab test for prostate?
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PSA
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What is a lab test for GI cancers and ovarian?
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CA 125
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What is a lab test for Pancreatic, colon?
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CA 19.9
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What is a lab test CEA 15.3 or 27.29 used for and what increases?
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Breast CA but only increase in 50%, increases w/ smoking. CEA may be significant, but w/out baseline info. it is difficult to evaluate
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What do you want to watch for after a Biopsy?
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Watch for complications related to invasive procedures, i.e. bleeding
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What are the 5 ways of tumor imaging?
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Chest x-rays (lung)
Mammograms (breast) Ultrasound (breast) CT scan MRI (brain) Radioisotopes (bone) |
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What are the medical management methods for cancer?
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Surgical interventions
Radiation Chemotherapy Biotherapies Other therapies |
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What is a special precaution for the health care worker?
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-Rotate nursing assignment
-Limit time to 30 min. per provider per 8h shift -never care for more than 1 radiation client at a time -DO NOT CARE FOR CLIENT, if you are trying or are pregnant -under 18 should not be allowed |
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What is the distance from a patient who is getting radiation? other precautions?
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20 ft from client
communicate w/pt from distance stand as far away from the implant site as possible |
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What are some emergency precautions with radiations?
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do not touch dislodged radiation source w/bare hands...use long handled forceps and place in lead container...call physician
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What are the two types or radiation therapy?
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Internal and external
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What is brachytherapy radiation?
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Internal
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What are the radioisotopes for external radiation?
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Caesium 137
Iodine 125 Iridium 192 Strontium 90 |
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How does chemotherapy work?
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Targets rapidly growing cells but will also affect rapidly growing normal cells
Cell-kill hypothesis |
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What are some special precautions for the health care worker using chemotherapy?
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use specialized equipment
wear gloves and gown when exposed to body fluids of pt wash hands immediately if any exposure to drug |
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What are some access devices with chemo?
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CVC, Venous access ports, external pumps, implantable pumps, peripheral IV's
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What do you do at the first sign of extravasation with chemo?
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Stop IV, leave catheter in administer antidote
DO NOT APPLY PRESSURE |
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What is Nadir (Chemo)?
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-The period of time when an antineoplastic medication has its most profound effects on the bone marrow.
-decreased level of bone marrow & WBC activity |
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What are S.E. of chemo?
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Stomatisis, n/v, alopecia, GI disturbances, cardiac effects, liver and neuro toxicities, and bone marrow effects (neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and anemia)
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What is Biotherapies?
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Manipulation of the immune system through use of naturally occurring substances &/or genetically engineered agents and drugs that modify the body's response to cancer
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What are the three types of Biotherapies?
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Cytokines
Monoclonal antibodies Cellular therapy |
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What are the S.E. of Biotherapies?
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Flu-like symptoms
fever, chills, HA, rigors, malaise FATIGUE |
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What is Superior Vena Cava Syndrome?
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Compression of the superior vena cava by a tumor...lead to interference w/venous return
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Best treatment for Superior Vena Cava Syndrome?
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Chemo
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What is Spinal Cord Compression?
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Presence of cancer in the epidural space that is compressing the spinal cord
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Best treatment for Spinal Cord Compression?
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Surgical decompression laminectomy, radiation, & chemo
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What is the onset/development of paralysis in Spinal Cord Compression?
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12-48 hr.
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What is the cause of hypercalcemia with a cancer pt?
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Skeletal destruction secondary to primary or metastatic disease of bone leads to release of Ca++ into the blood stream
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What is the treatment of Tumor Lysis Syndrome?
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infusion of 150cc/hr & Sodium polystyrene sulfunate enema
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What are the stages of Kubler-Ross?
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Shock and Denial
Anger Bargaining "If I could" Depression Acceptance |
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What are the common manifestation of grieving: physical?
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HA, tightness in throat, SOB, sleeping and elimination patterns, feeling empty, & exhaustion
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What are the common manifestation of grieving: Cognitive?
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lack of concentration, preoccupation w/loss, hallucinations, bargaining
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What are the common manifestation of grieving: psychological?
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numbness, dulled senses, preoccupation w/fears, denial, guilt, anger, hostility
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What are the common manifestation of grieving: social?
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withdrawal, isolation, dependency
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What are the common manifestation of grieving: spiritual?
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Q past beliefs, hopelessness
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Weight loss may be due to ______? what should you do to solve this problem?
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anorexia:
small meals, high caloric, avoid noxious odors |
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What might diarrhea lead to?
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fluid volume deficit
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What don't you feed someone with cancer treatments going on?
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fresh fruits and veggies
Wash them carefully if they are provided |
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Is there a maximum dose for a cancer pt?
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no
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S.E. of pain management?
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Respiratory depression
Confusion/sedation...usually disappear in 24-48 hours N...usually disappears w/in 3-4 days Constipation...Senekot, fiber, stool softener |
