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51 Cards in this Set

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5 Causes of WWI

Militarism


-Germany at an arms race (build best military) with Russia, Britain, France


-increased tension


- Britain had the Two-Power Standard (better than any two navies combined at all times)


Assassination


- Archduke Ferdinand (heir to Austrian throne) murdered by Black Hand (terrorist group)


Nationalism


- Austria-Hungary on the verge of collapse, smaller groups wanted to spit into their own country, needed to rule Balkans to maintain stability


-European countries wanted to assert themselves and their national identities


Imperialism


- countries producing more than they needed, needed more countries to sell to


Alliances


- Chain reaction. Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy. Triple Entente: France, Russia, Britain.

M.A.N.I.A.

Domino Effect (events)

1. Archduke Assassinated


2. Blank cheque


-Germans told Austrians that they will support them unconditionally if it came they came to war


3. Ultimatum sent by Austria to Serbia


4. Serbia’s reply, which demanded clarification


5. Austria declares war, as an excuse of the breaking of the ultimatum


6. Russia Mobilizes


-Because it wants to occupy the Balkans for the all-year-round ports


7. Austria declares war on Russia


8. France supports Russia by mobilizing


9. Germany marches through Belgium (Schlieffen Plan)


10. Britain declares war on Germany

Triple Entente

-An alliance between Britain, France, and Russia promising support in times of war,


-However Britain was reluctant to get involved in land wars

Triple Alliance

-An alliance between Italy, Germany, and Austria-Hungary promising military support


-Italy did not end up following the triple alliance to battle, instead they sided with the Triple Entente

Canada’s Response to the War

-Britain controlled Canada’s foreign policy so when Britain declared war Canada was immediately at war, however Canada did also declare war on its own


-Canadian CEF (Canadian expeditionary force) fought as an autonomous force from the British army


-Canadians who fought and trained together at Valcartier began to develop a sense of national identity


-Sam Hughes was a Canadian imperialist.


-He created the poorly designed Ross Rifle


-Was a Canadian Minister of Militia


-He gave patronage to his rich industrialist friends


-Cared more about making money for them than helping the Canadian military (profiteer)

Robert Borden

-Conservative PM who pushed through the war measures act, was Prime minister throughout the first world war


-Criticized Laurier’s inability to make outright contribution to the British Navy.


-Accused the Naval Service Bill for setting up a “tin-pot Canadian Navy” when Britain urgently needed help from Canada.

Canadian Expeditionary Forces (CEF)

-a separate force that was sent to the western front in the opening weeks of the war, was trained at Valcartier, was important in the battle of Ypres.


-The CEF also added to the emerging national identity and autonomy, because Canadians, for much of the war, were a separate and independent unit

Canada’s National Identity

- Before the war, Canada was a “patchwork of regions”, but after rapidly increasing travel and communications from the war effort, Canada began to develop national identity and pride

Valcartier

-A large town in Quebec where the Canadian forces trained together

War Measures Act

-Gave the government unlimited power for the security of the country


-Censored mail


-gave the government the right to strip citizens the right of Habaeus Corpus (this is the right to a fair trial)


-Immigrants from Austria-Hungary were mistreated

Enemy Aliens

-People of German and Austrian descent were seen as the enemy and were often rounded up and sent to internment camps (they could do this because of the war measures act


-Pro-Nazi and communist parties were banned, religious pacifists were banned, european refugees and Japanese Canadians were placed in internment camps

Schlieffen Plan

-Meant to avoid a two front war


-Plan was to go through neutral Belgium to quickly attack France


-Assumed that it would take Russia six weeks to mobilize, so they could take out France and then go back and fight the Russians on the eastern front


-Was wrong because they also assumed that Britain would not get involved in the war, which they did after Germany invaded Belgium. Also allowed France to send in reinforcements


-Britain feels the need to protect neutral sovereign states


-Battle of the Marne defined the borders of the front lines on the western front, the last main battle of the Schlieffen plan


-Defined the borders on the western front, last major and one of the bloodiest battles of the Schlieffen plan

Poison Gas

-major weapon, first used in the battle in Ypres,


-led to thousands of deaths and more innovations in gas masks

Tanks

-first invented to suppress machine gun fire and roll over enemy barbed wire and trenches


-had little impact at first because they were too slow and cumbersome

Airplanes

-used to scout enemy positions and shoot down enemy planes in dogfights


-led to new innovations in airplane technology and were effective in scouting positions

U-Boats

-Submarines used underwater to sink British ships


-were effective at disrupting British trade routes


-Traveled usually in “Wolf Packs” & were extremely successful at the beginning of the war

Machine Guns

-used to stop enemy advances and mow down soldiers


-responsible for the most deaths in the First World War


-made charges across fields much harder

Battle of Ypres

-Took place in 1915 in Ypres, Belgium when the Germans attacked Canadian positions


-Canada was able to repel the German attacks but around 6000 Canadian soldiers


-The first time that Canadians used trench warfare, which made that their major battleground was also the first time that Poison Gas was used by the Germans.


- Canadians praise for their courage and diligence, this helped form Canadian reputation and identity

Battle of Verdun

-Took place in 1916 at Verdun, France


-GERs attacked because of the city's sentimental value to the French people (hoped France would use most of its military resources here)


- GER's resources drained instead b/c of the Russian attacking them from the Eastern Front


- France won


-Main reason the British started the Battle of Somme


- Canada became more independent of GB

Battle of the Somme

-Took place in 1916 at the river Somme in France,


-was not a successful attack, however... (No lands won)


-Canadians distinguished themselves in battle and were used more in lead attacks throughout the rest of the war


-23 Canadians soldiers were executed for cowardice

Battle of Vimy Ridge

-Occurred in 1917 when Canadians gained huge amounts of land


-First time that the Canadian divisions first distinguished themselves in battle as a unit


-Instilled a huge sense of national pride


-First time that a Canadian general had planned the attack

Battle of Passchendaele Ridge

- Took place in 1917 at Passchendale, Belgium


-Occurred when the Canadians were ordered to attack Passchendale Ridge in Belgium


-Showed that the British still had a lot of control of the Canadian army


-Led to thousands of Canadian deaths


-A town they had captured was easily recaptured after the French took control of the defensive positions

War loans

-Canada couldn’t come up with the money needed to fight the war so they had to borrow huge amounts of money, mostly from the United States

Victory Bonds

-Encouraged people to buy victory bonds to help pay for the war


-Was an investment that they promised would give them a return after the war was over


-could not pay for the rising cost of the war

Income Tax

-The government promised to give a small income tax that they promised they would repeal after the war (they never did, we still have this)


-It was a small tax on businesses and people

Women in the workforce

-since many men were gone off to fight women had to take over the industrial jobs to help in the war effort


-Many served as nurses and ambulance drivers overseas


-Led to more recognition at home, and they kept the war effort going


-Women eventually gain the right to vote in Federal elections in 1918

Propaganda

-The Spread of information to promote a particular cause


-There was a lot of social pressure on people to join in the war


-Men were bombarded with campaign to from media like newspaper


-Used by not only totalitarian countries, but by Canada as well, in order to persuade people to fund for the war

Halifax Explosion

-A ship carrying 2500 tons of explosives exploded off, the coast of Halifax


-many people were killed or left homeless

Conscription

-Military service act was introduced in 1917 which made fighting in the war compulsory for all non disabled men


-other exceptions were made


-QC had lowest number of Volunteers come forward -Borden had to reverse promise made earlier (Activate conscription)

War Elections Act

-gave widows and wives of people serving overseas the right to vote


-also stripped enemy aliens of the right to vote


-The votes of Conscientious Objectors were also refuted

The Zimmerman Telegram

- largely influenced America's entry into the war


-Germany promised Mexico support if they invaded the southern United States (old hatred for lands lost in a separate war)

German targeting of Neutral Passenger Liners (Passenger Ships)

- largely influenced America's entry into the war


-In case of suspicion they were carrying supplies. Used as a strategy to drain Britain of American resources


-Sinking of the Lusitania in which 113 Americans died

Last 100 days of the War

-Germany attacked in a vicious assault and attacked through the allied lines


-However, the Canadians led a counterattack and drove the Germans back in the most territory that anyone gained during the war in a single day and the central powers collapsed.


-Austria was broken up into several different nation states and also saw its downfall

Treaty of Versailles

-Officially ended the war and put all of the blame on Germany


-forced them to give up all their colonies, as well as all territories gained during the war, as well as paying reparations to the allied powers which were affected by the war, also known as the War Guilt Clause


-Canada signed this treaty on their own

Armistice

-the fighting ended in November 11, 1918 when an armistice was signed


-official end of the fighting

Paris Peace Conference

- aimed at preventing future war


-Canada got a place at the conference and a vote, despite major protests from countries such as the USA

League of Nations

-An international organization (group of countries) to provide a forum for resolving int’l disputes


-set up to have collective security, as a sort of international alliance (Which ultimately failed), -thought up by the US president Woodrow Wilson


-destined to fail because of the US refusal to join


-Would later be the successful UN (United Nations)

Causes of Failure of League of Nations

Key examples being:


-Invasion of Abyssinia by Italy, and Manchuria by Japan


-Appeasement Crisis


-Failed to do collective security


-The middle and large powers did not want to participate since they were going through depressions and loss from WW1

Collective Security

-Was supposed to prevent future major wars, a big part of this was the league of nations, was supposed to equalize countries, and make them all invested in each others security

Economic Sanctions

-Germany's economy collapsed after the war because many countries refused to trade with her after the war

Woodrow Wilson's 14 Points

-President Wilson's ideals of Peace after the war


-Aimed to discourage secret treaties, encourage free trade, reduce armaments, and prevent more colonization


-Also wanted to carve up the empires in Europe, giving the subjects of the Austro-Hungarian empire more say in their governance, set up the League of Nations

Limitations to the League of Nations

-Did not have its own army, so had to depend on its members to keep the peace


-The United states refused to join, and because huge parts of Europe had been destroyed


-The USA was so large and powerful they were essential to the success of the new League

Justice vanished at the Versailles

-refers to how the main goal of Britain and France was to punish Germany, which they did to a devastating effect on the new German republic

Canada's Role at the Conference

-Canada was given a seat and a vote at the Paris Peace conference

Cost of the War

-Canada was thrown into deep debt, and Europe was almost completely destroyed in parts of France, and Germany was completely wrecked as a result of the war

6 Main Decisions made at the Conference

1) War Guilt Clase - GER had tot ake full responsibility for war


2) Alsace-Lorraine returned to France


3) Poland gien land from GER - meant access to the sea


4) Creation of the League of Nations (early UN) (USA didn't join, GER/RUS weren't allowed to join, so three major countries left out!!!)


5) GER army limited to 100 000; forced to surrender all colonies and Navy fleet; forbidden to unite with Austria


6) Rhine River Valley to be de-militarized and allies would occupy it for 15 years

Wartime Elections Act

- Mothers, sisters and wives of soldiers were allowed to vote but other ethnicities such as Asians weren't allowed to vote yet

Suffragettes

- Females contributing to the war effort


- wanted the right to vote

Famous Five

- Five women who fought for women's voting rights

Military Service Bill

- 1917


- instilled conscription


- caused riots in Montreal and QC against conscription

Why did Canadians volunteer (beginning of war)

- feelings of patriotism


- thought it was a short war (home by Christmas)


- saw it as an adventure (war very romanticized)