Campbell Ap Psychology - History And Perspectives

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the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

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psychology

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the view that knowledge comes from experience via the senses

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empiricism

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science flourishes through observation and experiment

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empiricism

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an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind

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structuralism

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a school of psychology that focused on how mental and behavioral processes enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish

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functionalism

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the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make the development of psychological traits and behaviors

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nature-nurture issue

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the principle that those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed onto succeeding generations

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natural selection

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the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon

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levels of analysis

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an integrated perspective that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

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biopsychosocial approach

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pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

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basic research

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scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

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applied research

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a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living and in achieving greater well-being

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counseling psychology

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a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

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clinical psychology

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a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders

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psychiatry

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practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy

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psychiatry

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historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people

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humanistic psychology

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used personalized methods to study personality in hopes of fostering personal growth

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humanistic psychology

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the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it

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hindsight bias

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thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions

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critical thinking

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thinking that examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions

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critical thinking

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an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations

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theory

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a testable prediction, often implied by a theory

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hypothesis

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a statement of the procedures used to define research variables

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operational definitions

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repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations

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replication

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repeating a research study to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances

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replication

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an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

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case study

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a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people

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survey

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questioning a representative, random sample of people

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survey

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the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors

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false consensus effect

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all the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study

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population

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a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

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random sample

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observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

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naturalistic observation

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a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together

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correlation

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how well either factor predicts the other

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correlation

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mathematical expression of a relationship, ranging from -1 to +1

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correlation coefficient

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a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables

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scatterplot

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the slope of the points suggests the directions of the relationship between the two variables

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scatterplot

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the amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation

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scatterplot

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a perception of a relationship where none exists

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illusory correlation

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a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process

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experiment

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by random assignment, this research method aims to control other relevant factors

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experiment

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an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo

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double-blind procedure

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commonly used in drug-evaluation

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double-blind procedure

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experimental results caused by expectations alone

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placebo

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any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which is assumed to be an active agent

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placebo

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the condition of an experiment that exposes participants to the treatment, that is, one version of the independent variable

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experimental condition

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the condition of an experiment that contrasts with the experimental condition and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment

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control condition

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assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance

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random assignment

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minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups

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random assignment

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the experimental factor that is manipulated

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independent variable

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the variable whose effect is being studied

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independent variable

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the outcome factor

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dependent variable

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the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable

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dependent variable

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the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large groups of people and transmitted form one generation to the next

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culture