Campbell Ap Ch 42

Front 1

alveolus

Back 1

(plural, alveoli) (1) One of the deadend, multilobed air sacs that constitute the gas exchange surface of the lungs. (2) One of the milk-secreting sacs of epithelial tissue in the mammary glands.

Front 2

arteriole

Back 2

A vessel that conveys blood between an artery and a capillary bed.

Front 3

arteriosclerosis

Back 3

A cardiovascular disease caused by the formation of hard plaques within the arteries.

Front 4

artery

Back 4

A vessel that carries blood away from the heart to organs throughout the body.

Front 5

atherosclerosis

Back 5

A cardiovascular disease in which growths called plaques develop on the inner walls of the arteries, narrowing their inner diameters.

Front 6

atrioventricular (AV) node

Back 6

A region of specialized muscle tissue between the right atrium and right ventricle. It generates electrical impulses that primarily cause the ventricles to contract.

Front 7

atrioventricular valve

Back 7

A valve in the heart between each atrium and ventricle that prevents a backflow of blood when the ventricles contract.

Front 8

atrium

Back 8

(plural, atria) A chamber that receives blood returning to the vertebrate heart.

Front 9

blood pressure

Back 9

The hydrostatic force that blood exerts against the wall of a vessel.

Front 10

blood vessel

Back 10

A set of tubes through which the blood moves through the body.

Front 11

blood

Back 11

A type of connective tissue with a fluid matrix called plasma in which blood cells are suspended.

Front 12

breathing control center

Back 12

A brain center that directs the activity of organs involved in breathing.

Front 13

bronchus

Back 13

(plural, bronchi) One of a pair of breathing tubes that branch from the trachea into the lungs.

Front 14

bronchioles

Back 14

Fine branches of the bronchus that transport air to alveoli.

Front 15

capillary bed

Back 15

A network of capillaries that infiltrate every organ and tissue in the body.

Front 16

capillary

Back 16

A microscopic blood vessel that penetrates the tissues and consists of a single layer of endothelial cells that allows exchange between the blood and interstitial fluid.

Front 17

cardiac cycle

Back 17

The alternating contractions and relaxations of the heart.

Front 18

cardiac output

Back 18

The volume of blood pumped per minute by the left ventricle of the heart.

Front 19

cardiovascular disease

Back 19

Diseases of the heart and blood vessels.

Front 20

cardiovascular system

Back 20

A closed circulatory system with a heart and branching network of arteries, capillaries, and veins; the system is characteristic of vertebrates.

Front 21

closed circulatory system

Back 21

Circulatory systems in which blood is confined to vessels and is kept separate from the interstitial fluid.

Front 22

countercurrent exchange

Back 22

The opposite flow of adjacent fluids that maximizes transfer rates; for example, blood in the gills flows in the opposite direction in which water passes over the gills, maximizing oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide loss.

Front 23

diaphragm

Back 23

(1) A sheet of muscle that forms the bottom wall of the thoracic cavity in mammals; active in ventilating the lungs. (2) A dome-shaped rubber cup fitted into the upper portion of the vagina before sexual intercourse. It serves as a physical barrier to block the passage of sperm.

Front 24

diastole

Back 24

The stage of the heart cycle in which the heart muscle is relaxed, allowing the chambers to fill with blood.

Front 25

diastolic pressure

Back 25

Blood pressure that remains between heart contractions.

Front 26

dissociation curve

Back 26

A chart showing the relative amounts of oxygen bound to hemoglobin when the pigment is exposed to solutions varying in their partial pressure of dissolved oxygen.

Front 27

double circulation

Back 27

A circulation scheme with separate pulmonary and systemic circuits, which ensures vigorous blood flow to all organs.

Front 28

electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)

Back 28

A record of the electrical impulses that travel through cardiac muscle during the heart cycle.

Front 29

endothelium

Back 29

The innermost, simple squamous layer of cells lining the blood vessels; the only constituent structure of capillaries.

Front 30

erythrocyte

Back 30

A red blood cell; contains hemoglobin, which functions in transporting oxygen in the circulatory system.

Front 31

erythropoietin

Back 31

A hormone produced in the kidney when tissues of the body do not receive enough oxygen. This hormone stimulates the production of erythrocytes.

Front 32

fibrin

Back 32

The activated form of the blood-clotting protein fibrinogen, which aggregates into threads that form the fabric of the clot.

Front 33

fibrinogen

Back 33

The inactive form of the plasma protein that is converted to the active form fibrin, which aggregates into threads that form the framework of a blood clot.

Front 34

gas exchange

Back 34

The uptake of molecular oxygen from the environment and the discharge of carbon dioxide to the environment.

Front 35

gill circulation

Back 35

The flow of blood through gills.

Front 36

gill

Back 36

A localized extension of the body surface of many aquatic animals, specialized for gas exchange.

Front 37

heart rate

Back 37

The rate of heart contraction.

Front 38

heart

Back 38

A muscular pump that uses metabolic energy to elevate hydrostatic pressure of the blood. Blood then flows down a pressure gradient through blood vessels that eventually return blood to the heart.

Front 39

hemocyanin

Back 39

A type of respiratory pigment that uses copper as its oxygen-binding component. Hemocyanin is found in the hemolymph of arthropods and many mollusks.

Front 40

hemoglobin

Back 40

An iron-containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds oxygen.

Front 41

hemolymph

Back 41

In invertebrates with an open circulatory system, the body fluid that bathes tissues.

Front 42

hemophilia

Back 42

A human genetic disease caused by a sex-linked recessive allele, characterized by excessive bleeding following injury.

Front 43

high-density lipoprotein (HDL)

Back 43

A cholesterol-carrying particle in the blood, made up of cholesterol and other lipids surrounded by a single layer of phospholipids in which proteins are embedded. An HDL particle carries less cholesterol than a related lipoprotein, LDL, and may be correlated with a decreased risk of blood vessel blockage.

Front 44

larynx

Back 44

The voicebox, containing the vocal cords.

Front 45

leukocyte

Back 45

A white blood cell; typically functions in immunity, such as phagocytosis or antibody production.

Front 46

low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

Back 46

A cholesterol-carrying particle in the blood, made up of cholesterol and other lipids surrounded by a single layer of phospholipids in which proteins are embedded. An LDL particle carries the blood correlate with a tendency to develop blocked blood vessels and heart disease.

Front 47

lymph

Back 47

The colorless fluid, derived from interstitial fluid, in the lymphatic system of vertebrate animals.

Front 48

lymph node

Back 48

Organs located along lymph vessels. They filter lymph and help attack viruses and bacteria.

Front 49

lymphatic system

Back 49

A system of vessels and lymph nodes, separate from the circulatory system, that returns fluid and protein to the blood.

Front 50

myoglobin

Back 50

An oxygen-storing, pigmented protein in muscle cells.

Front 51

negative pressure breathing

Back 51

A breathing system in which air is pulled into the lungs.

Front 52

open circulatory system

Back 52

An arrangement of internal transport in which blood bathes the organs directly and there is no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid.

Front 53

pacemaker

Back 53

A specialized region of the right atrium of the mammalian heart that sets the rate of contraction; also called the sinoatrial (SA) node.

Front 54

parabronchi

Back 54

The sites of gas exchange in bird lungs. They allow air to flow past the respiratory surface in just one direction.

Front 55

partial pressure

Back 55

The concentration of gases; a fraction of total pressure.

Front 56

peripheral resistance

Back 56

The impedance of blood flow by the arterioles.

Front 57

plasma

Back 57

The liquid matrix of blood in which the cells are suspended.

Front 58

platelet

Back 58

A small enucleated blood cell important in blood clotting; derived from large cells in the bone marrow.

Front 59

pluripotent stem cell

Back 59

A cell within bone marrow that is a progenitor for any kind of blood cell.

Front 60

positive pressure breathing

Back 60

A breathing system in which air is forced into the lungs.

Front 61

pulmocutaneous

Back 61

The route of circulation that directs blood to the skin and lungs.

Front 62

pulmonary circuit

Back 62

The branch of the circulatory system that supplies the lungs.

Front 63

pulse

Back 63

The rhythmic stretching of the arteries caused by the pressure of blood forced through the arteries by contractions of the ventricles during systole.

Front 64

red blood cell

Back 64

A blood cell conaining hemoglobin, which transports O2. Also called erythrocyte.

Front 65

residual volume

Back 65

The amount of air that remains in the lungs after forcefully exhaling.

Front 66

respiratory medium

Back 66

The source of oxygen. It is typically air for terrestrial animals and water for aquatic organisms.

Front 67

respiratory pigment

Back 67

Special proteins that transport most of the oxygen in blood.

Front 68

respiratory surface

Back 68

The part of an animal where gases are exchanged with the environment.

Front 69

semilunar valve

Back 69

A valve located at the two exits of the heart, where the aorta leaves the left ventricle and the pulmonary artery leaves the right ventricle.

Front 70

pacemaker

Back 70

A specialized region of the right atrium of the mammalian heart that sets the rate of contraction; also called the sinoatrial (SA) node.

Front 71

sinuses

Back 71

Spaces surrounding the organs of the body in animals with open circulatory systems.

Front 72

stroke volume

Back 72

The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in each contraction.

Front 73

systemic circulation

Back 73

The branch of the circulatory system that supplies all body organs and then returns oxygen-poor blood to the right atrium via the veins.

Front 74

systole

Back 74

The stage of the heart cycle in which the heart muscle contracts and the chambers pump blood.

Front 75

thrombus

Back 75

A clump of platelets and fibrin that block the flow of blood through a blood vessel.

Front 76

tidal volume

Back 76

The volume of air an animal inhales and exhales with each breath.

Front 77

trachea

Back 77

The windpipe; that portion of the respiratory tube that has C-shaped cartilagenous rings and passes from the larynx to two bronchi.

Front 78

tracheal system

Back 78

A gas exchange system of branched, chitin-lined tubes that infiltrate the body and carry oxygen directly to cells in insects.

Front 79

vein

Back 79

A vessel that returns blood to the heart.

Front 80

ventilation

Back 80

Any method of increasing contact between the respiratory medium and the respiratory surface.

Front 81

ventricle

Back 81

(1) A heart chamber that pumps blood out of a heart. (2) A space in the vertebrate brain, filled with cerebrospinal fluid.

Front 82

venule

Back 82

A vessel that conveys blood between a capillary bed and a vein.

Front 83

vital capacity

Back 83

The maximum volume of air that a respiratory system can inhale and exhale.

Front 84

vocal cord

Back 84

One of a pair of stringlike tissues in the larynx. Air rushing past the tensed vocal cords makes them vibrate, producing sounds.

Front 85

white blood cell

Back 85

A blood cell that functions in defending the body against infections and cancer cells. Also called leukocyte.

Front 86

ventricle

Back 86

(1) A heart chamber that pumps blood out of a heart. (2) A space in the vertebrate brain, filled with cerebrospinal fluid.

Front 87

venule

Back 87

A vessel that conveys blood between a capillary bed and a vein.

Front 88

vital capacity

Back 88

The maximum volume of air that a respiratory system can inhale and exhale.

Front 89

vocal cord

Back 89

One of a pair of stringlike tissues in the larynx. Air rushing past the tensed vocal cords makes them vibrate, producing sounds.

Front 90

white blood cell

Back 90

A blood cell that functions in defending the body against infections and cancer cells. Also called leukocyte.

Front 91

ventricle

Back 91

(1) A heart chamber that pumps blood out of a heart. (2) A space in the vertebrate brain, filled with cerebrospinal fluid.

Front 92

venule

Back 92

A vessel that conveys blood between a capillary bed and a vein.

Front 93

vital capacity

Back 93

The maximum volume of air that a respiratory system can inhale and exhale.

Front 94

vocal cord

Back 94

One of a pair of stringlike tissues in the larynx. Air rushing past the tensed vocal cords makes them vibrate, producing sounds.

Front 95

white blood cell

Back 95

A blood cell that functions in defending the body against infections and cancer cells. Also called leukocyte.