Call For Indirect Fire

Front 1

FO duties (4):

Back 1

Forward observer:
1. Detects and locates suitable targets
2. Calls for fire
3. Adjusts fire
4. Relays the results of his fire missions

Front 2

Fire direction center (FDC) 3:

Back 2

• Receives the CFF from the FO
• Computes firing data
• Then transmits that data in the form of weapon settings and fire commands to the firing unit

Front 3

(CFF)

Back 3

Call for Fire

Front 4

Degrees may be converted to mils by multiplying
the number of degrees by

Back 4

17.8

Front 5

Mil Relation Formula

Back 5

The mil relation formula states that an angle of one mil equates to one meter of lateral distance for every 1000 meters of range.

W=(Range/1000)*("M" angular deviation)

Front 6

Observer-Target (OT) Direction

Back 6

The azimuth from the FO to the
target. OT direction is always expressed to the nearest 10 mils grid and transmitted with four digits.

Front 7

The lensatic compass has an accuracy of __. The FO reads mils magnetic from the compass and then converts to __ __ by applying the __ __.

Back 7

of +/- 50 mils
mils grid GM angle.

Front 8

LATERAL ADJUSTMENTS on the M22 BINOCULARS are computed on the:

Back 8

horiztonal scale

Front 9

Polar Plot (a) definition
(b) primary advantage (c) primary disadvantage

Back 9

(a) FO describes the target location in relation to his position. (b) fast and can be
done without a map (c) first
transmitted to the firing unit

Front 10

Polar Plot steps (3):

Back 10

1 FO determines his location and transmits it to the FDC prior to the CFF in the form of a POSREP.
2 Determine the OT direction to the nearest 10 mils grid.
3 Determine the distance to the target to the nearest 100 meters.

Front 11

Grid Coordinates method recommended when FO (a) The firing unit __ __(b) have to know the FO's position. The FO locates the target to an accuracy of (c).

Back 11

(a) has conducted a thorough terrain/map study (b) does not (c) 100 meters (six digit grid)

Front 12

Shift From a Known Point advantages (3)

Back 12

1. o It is accurate.
2. It does not require the use of a map.
3. The firing unit does not need to know the FO’s location.

Front 13

Shift From a Known Point disadvantages (2)

Back 13

the firing unit must know the location of the (1) known (terrain reference) point that was previously reported
(2) Target that was previously fired on and recorded

Front 14

Shift from a known point method steps

Back 14

1 Select the known point to be used and identify it in the CFF.
2 Determine the OT direction to the nearest 10 mils.
3 Determine the “lateral shift” (W) to the nearest 10 meters: w=(r/1000)(M)
4 Transmit the “lateral shift” in the CFF as a “left” or “right” with meters
5 Determine the “range shift” between the known point and the target to the
6 Transmit the “range shift” in the CFF as • An “add” if the target is at a greater distance than the known point • A “drop” if the target is at a lesser distance.

Front 15

Transmission

Back 15

(1) Observer identification
(2) Warning order
Second
(3) Target location
Third
(4) Target description
(5) Method of engagement
(6) Method of fire and control

Front 16

Type of Mission: Adjust Fire (3)

Back 16

1 Announced when the FO decides that an adjustment is needed because of questionable target location
2 One gun fires one round at a time until the round is close enough for the entire firing unit to engage the target.
3 Avoids wasted ammunition, but may allow the enemy time to leave the target area or seek cover

Front 17

Type of Mission: Fire for effect(3)

Back 17

• Announced when the FO has an accurate target location and is certain that the first volley will have an effect on the target
• All guns of the firing unit fire simultaneously
• FO should strive for first round fire for effect

Front 18

Target Description (4):

Back 18

1 Type of target (troops, supply dump, trucks)
2 Target activity (digging in, assembly area)
3 Number of elements in the target (squad, three trucks)
4 Degree of protection (in the open, in fighting holes, in bunkers with overhead cover)

Front 19

Method of Engagement (a) definition and options (b)

Back 19

(a) Method of engagement is the element that the FO uses to describe the attack of the target.
(b) Danger close” and “Ammunition”

Front 20

Danger Close” is included when the predicted impact of: 2-4-6

Back 20

o A 60mm mortar is within 200 meters of friendly troops
o An 81mm mortar is within 400 meters of friendly troops
o An artillery round is within 600 meters of friendly troops

Front 21

The standard type of ammunition is

Back 21

HE/Q

Front 22

The term, “in effect" is used to (2):

Back 22

• Indicates that the projectile/fuze specified is desired during the fire for effect phase
• Is only included in an “Adjust Fire” mission

Front 23

Illumination, ICM, and M825 (“Felt Wedge”)/Smoke can only be fired with __ __. Therefore, when firing these projectiles, fuze time is understood and need not be specified.

Back 23

fuze time

Front 24

“HE” (High explosive) Fuze “PD” (Point detonating) or “Q” (Quick)
of Fire and Control are suitable for (3):

Back 24

1 Adjust fire
2 Personnel in open
3 Unarmored vehicles

Front 25

“HE” (High explosive) Fuze “Delay” suitable for (5):

Back 25

1 Targets in heavy trees
2 Bunkers
3 Earth/log emplacements
4 Adjusting FPF
5 Danger close

Front 26

“HE” (High explosive) Fuze “VT” (Variable time)
“Time” (Mechanical time) suitable for (3):

Back 26

1 Personnel in open
2 Personnel in trenches
3 Light armored vehicles

Front 27

“WP” (White phosphorous)Fuze • “PD” • “Time”
adjustment (4):

Back 27

1 Incendiary
2 Marking
3 Screening/obscuring
4 POL/ammo

Front 28

Illum” (Illumination) Fuze (Time understood)(2):

Back 28

1 On the deck” (Marking)
2 Illumination

Front 29

“ICM” (Improved conventional munitions) Fuze (Time understood)(2):

Back 29

1 Area personnel targets
2 Armored vehicles

Front 30

“Smoke” (M825 improved smoke)Fuze (Time understood)(2):

Back 30

1 Screening
2 Obscuring

Front 31

Method of fire

Back 31

Not used at TBS, method of fire is an advanced technique that allows the FO to control the specific weapon and sequence of firing during adjustment and fire for effect.

Front 32

Method of control

Back 32

In the absence of a specified method of control, fire missions are executed “When Ready.” Two other options you may use at TBS are “At My Command (AMC) and Time on Target (TOT).”

Front 33

The Message to Observer (MTO) steps (5):

Back 33

1 After receiving the Call For Fire (CFF), Fire Direction Center (FDC) determines how the target will be attacked
2 The FDC’s decisions are announced to the FO in the form of an MTO, which the FO reads back.
3 The MTO should be sent to the FO before the first correction is made.
4 The FO reads the MTO back to the FDC verbatim.
5 In this MTO, the artillery battery will fire the adjusting rounds, and the artillery battalion will fire
for effect.

Front 34

MTO will contain (4):

Back 34

1 Unit(s) to fire
2 Changes to the call for fire
3 Number of rounds
4 Target number

Front 35

There are three reports that will be sent by the FDC during a fire mission.

Back 35

1 Shot
2 Splash
3 Spottings

Front 36

Shot

Back 36

The firing unit will transmit “Shot” after each round fired in adjustment and the initial round in the fire for effect phase
The FO acknowledges each. Example.
FDC: Shot, over.
FO: Shot, out.

Front 37

Splash

Back 37

When requested, the transmission of “Splash” by the FDC informs the FO
when his round is five seconds from detonation. When reported, “Splash” should be
transmitted for each round in adjustment and the initial round in each volley of the fire for effect.

Front 38

Spottings

Back 38

A spotting is the FO’s mental determination of the location of the burst relative to the target. Spottings are recorded, but not announced. Spottings must be made the instant that the burst occurs, except where deliberately delayed to take advantage of drifting smoke or dust.

Front 39

Spottings are made for

Back 39

o Range, to determine how far a burst is beyond or short of the target
o Deviation, to determine how far a burst is to the right or left of the OTL

Front 40

The FO should position his binoculars for spotting before the burst appears by holding the binoculars just __ __ __, looking over the top of them with the naked eye until the burst is sighted. Then raise the binoculars to eye level and makes the spotting.

Back 40

below eye level

Front 41

Range Spotting
1 Over:
2 Short:
3 Range correct:
4 Range doubtful:

Back 41

1 Round detonates beyond the target
2 Round detonates between the FO and the target
3 Round detonates at the same range as the target
4 Round detonates so far to the right or left of the OTL that a definite range spotting cannot be made

Front 42

The three possible deviation spottings are:

Back 42

1 On line: Round detonates along the OTL
2 (# of mils) left: Round detonates to the left of the OTL
3 (# of mils) right: Round detonates to the right of the OTL

Front 43

After recording a spotting, the FO determines a correction to move the next round onto the target. Corrections are sent in

Back 43

1 Meters
2 Reverse order of the spotting: deviation followed by range

Front 44

Sequence of Subsequent Corrections (10)

Back 44

1 Direction
2 Danger close
3 Shell
4 Fuze
5 Deviation
6 Range
7 Target description
8 Change in type of mission/control
9 Splash
10 Repeat

Front 45

__ precedes all other subsequent corrections when announced.

Back 45

Direction

Front 46

Deviation corrections steps

Back 46

1 Determine the observer-target (OT) factor. The OT factor is based on the mil relation formula and is defined as the OT distance divided by 1000.
2 Multiply the deviation spotting by
the OT factor. Express to the
nearest 10 meters with the
minimum correction being 30.
The direction of the deviation correction is opposite that of the spotting. The computed deviation correction is announced as “left” or “right” followed by the number of meters.

Front 47

Successive bracketing

Back 47

The FO continues this process until a 100-meter bracket is established around the target. He then adds or drops 50 (with a deviation correction as required) and enters the fire for effect phase.

Front 48

Range Bracketing Guide - OT Distance (in meters) 0 – 1000

Back 48

Add/drop 100

Front 49

Range Bracketing Guide - OT Distance (in meters) 1000 – 2000

Back 49

Add/drop 200

Front 50

Range Bracketing Guide - OT Distance (in meters) Greater than 2000

Back 50

Add/drop 400

Front 51

Entering Fire for Effect. The fire for effect phase is entered (2)

Back 51

1 When the deviation and range are correct
2 If effective fire will result when the range bracket is split

Front 52

The FO specifically enters the fire for effect phase when (2)

Back 52

1 An adjusting round has an effect on the target
2 Splitting a 100-meter bracket

Front 53

To enter the fire for effect phase, the FO announces, “__ __ __,” preceded by any corrections.

Back 53

Fire for effect

Front 54

Repeat

Back 54

If additional fire is needed, the FO announces, “Repeat.” The term, “Repeat,” indicates the FO’s desire to use the same volume of fire.

Front 55

Adjust the Point of Impact

Back 55

If the location of the fire for effect needs to be moved to achieve satisfactory results, the FO
• Announces the appropriate corrections (refinement) and “Repeat”
• May reenter adjust fire

Front 56

Ending a Fire Mission - items included (4):

Back 56

1 Refinement
2 Record as target
3 End of mission
4 Surveillance

Front 57

Refinement

Back 57

If fires have been inaccurate but have produced sufficient results, the FO transmits a refinement to the FDC. Refinements are sent in increments of 10 meters and may be less than 30 meters.

Front 58

Record as Target

Back 58

If the FO wants the target to be plotted for future use, he announces, “Record as target.” The FDC:
o Applies the refinement
o Conducts a replot, when necessary
o Announces the adjusted grid to the target
The target number will be the same target number that was provided in the MTO.

Front 59

End of Mission

Back 59

“End of mission” followed by surveillance is the last transmission in the course of the fire mission. Once it has been announced, the mission is considered to be terminated.

Front 60

Surveillance

Back 60

Surveillance should be brief but should provide casualty and/or damage information as accurately as possible. This requires the correct usage of “destroyed,” “neutralized,” and “suppressed.”

Front 61

Suppressive fires are delivered as 2:

Back 61

1 An immediate suppression mission: used to fire on a planned target or target of opportunity that has taken friendly units under fire.
2 A suppression mission: used to fire on a planned target that is not currently active.

Front 62

Immediate Suppression

Back 62

An immediate suppression mission normally requires a
minimum volume of fire.

Front 63

There is no MTO and no RREMS statement in:

Back 63

Immediate Suppression

Front 64

The suppression mission consists of the (4):

Back 64

1 Observer identification
2 Warning order “suppress”
3 Target number of the planned target
4 Duration and rate of fire

Front 65

What are the three elements of the Fire Support System?

Back 65

Forward Observer (FO), Fire Direction Center (FDC), Firing Unit

Front 66

A mil is a unit of angular measurement equal to
1/____ of a circle.

Back 66

6400

Front 67

Why do artillery and mortars use mils instead of degrees?

Back 67

Accuracy and the mil relation formula’s ability to easily convert angular deviation into lateral distance.

Front 68

To convert degrees to mils, we multiply the number of degrees by

Back 68

17.8

Front 69

What is northwest in mils?

Back 69

5600

Front 70

What are the three methods used to determine observer-target (OT) direction?

Back 70

(1) Scaling from a map
(2) Lensatic compass
(3) Measuring from a reference point

Front 71

When the FO determines the azimuth to the target (OT direction) with a compass,
the result is in mils ___. Before direction can be sent in a CFF, the FO must
apply the ___ in order to convert to mils____

Back 71

magnetic, GM angle, grid

Front 72

Direction should be determined to an accuracy of

Back 72

10 mils

Front 73

Binoculars are one of the FO’s best tools to measure angular deviation.

Back 73

True

Front 74

What are the three methods used to determine observer-target (OT) distance?

Back 74

Estimation, Visibility, Map Study

Front 75

Distance is expressed to the nearest

Back 75

100 meters

Front 76

What are the three methods of communicating target location?

Back 76

(1) Polar Plot
(2) Grid Coordinates
(3) Shift from a known point

Front 77

The primary disadvantage of the polar plot method of target location is that the FDC must know the FO’s ___. The FO transmits this to the FDC in the form of a __.

Back 77

position / location, POSREP

Front 78

With the grid method of target location, the FO locates the target to an accuracy of ___ by sending ___ digit grid.

Back 78

100 meters, six

Front 79

In which method(s) of target location is the FO's position not needed by the FDC?

Back 79

d. A and C