California Ffa Livestock Judging Flashcards

Front 1

The section of the vertebrae that makes up the neck in cattle, swine, or sheep is the:

Back 1

Cervical vertebrae

Front 2

The “Femur” is classified as what type of bone?

Back 2

long

Front 3

Which is NOT a function of the skeletal system?

Back 3

blood storage

Front 4

Hormones are organic catalysts that influence the growth and development of the body are produced in the:

Back 4

endocrine system

Front 5

In what part of the respiratory system are the passages from the nostrils and the mouth joined?

Back 5

pharynx

Front 6

Which nutrients have the highest energy value?

Back 6

fats

Front 7

Which amino acid is nonessential in swine rations due to being synthesized in the body?

Back 7

Cystine

Front 8

Which major mineral is often lacking in animal rations is:

Back 8

calcium

Front 9

The proportion of the total variation in offspring from parents due to additive gene effects:

Back 9

heritability

Front 10

The pancreas gland produces which hormone?

Back 10

insulin

Front 11

Which gland in the male produces the sperm cells?

Back 11

testicles

Front 12

The average age for cattle to reach puberty is:

Back 12

6-8 months

Front 13

The average length of the estrus cycle in swine is:

Back 13

21 days

Front 14

What is the average number of days in the length of gestation for sheep?

Back 14

148

Front 15

The release of the egg from the ovary is called:

Back 15

ovulation

Front 16

Which factor does NOT affect the demand for beef?

Back 16

location of consumers

Front 17

Which region of the United States produces the most beef cattle?

Back 17

Southwest

Front 18

How many breeds of beef cattle are available to producers in the United States?

Back 18

50+

Front 19

The Chianina breed of beef cattle which is one of the oldest originated in which country?

Back 19

Italy

Front 20

Which breed of cattle was the first to have a herdbook published in the United States?

Back 20

Shorthorn

Front 21

Which breed of cattle is classified as a Bos indicus type?

Back 21

Brahman

Front 22

What percent of cash income from livestock and crops come from beef in the United States?

Back 22

18%

Front 23

Which of the following wholesale cuts of beef are high-value?

Back 23

rib

Front 24

What is the standard number of days that beef cattle weaning weights are adjusted to?

Back 24

205

Front 25

Which breed of beef cattle has the highest standard birth weight in performance testing?

Back 25

Maine Anjou

Front 26

What term refers to the general conformation of a beef market animal?

Back 26

type

Front 27

When judging beef breeding classes, the proper term for the amount of fat cover is:

Back 27

condition

Front 28

The normal average body temperature for healthy beef cattle is:

Back 28

101.5 F

Front 29

What is the length of time that bacteria causing Anthrax can remain in the soil?

Back 29

40 years

Front 30

Pinkeye the common name of this disease carried by insects that affects the eyes of the animal:

Back 30

InfectiousKeratitis

Front 31

Rapid fermentation in the rumen causing too much gas to be produced:

Back 31

Bloat

Front 32

Which nutritional disease is a heart condition of beef cattle at high altitudes?

Back 32

Brisket Disease

Front 33

White Muscle disease is caused by a deficiency of the trace element:

Back 33

selenium

Front 34

Which state currently produces the most hogs?

Back 34

Iowa

Front 35

Which breed of swine has the highest performance in average litter size ratio?

Back 35

Yorkshire

Front 36

Which breed of swine is known to produce the largest loin muscle area based on performance tests?

Back 36

Hampshire

Front 37

A visual evaluation of the amount of muscle on a hog is best seen by looking at which view of the hog?

Back 37

rear

Front 38

What term refers to the degree of refinement of head, hair, hide, and bone of the live hog?

Back 38

quality

Front 39

Which class of sheep is used primarily for meat production?

Back 39

Medium Wool

Front 40

Since 1970, which breed of sheep has had the largest number registered with their breed association?

Back 40

Suffolk

Front 41

Which trait in beef cattle has the highest heritability estimate?

Back 41

ribeye area

Front 42

Which trait in sheep has the lowest heritability estimate?

Back 42

feed efficiency

Front 43

The diploid number (pairs of chromosomes) for sheep is:

Back 43

27

Front 44

The oldest known breed of swine developed in the early 1700’s:

Back 44

Berkshire

Front 45

Which fine wool breed of sheep originated in the United States?

Back 45

Debouillet

Front 46

The backfat on a market lamb should measure at the twelfth rib.

Back 46

0.15 to 0.20 inches

Front 47

Range production accounts for percent of the total sheep production in the United
States.

Back 47

70

Front 48

The most commonly used method of classifying sheep is by:

Back 48

Type of wool

Front 49

A lack of what substance in the blood causes milk fever in sheep?

Back 49

Calcium

Front 50

What type of parasites are the most serious health problem for sheep?

Back 50

internal

Front 51

The science in livestock production that studies the way in which traits of parents are passed on to the offspring is

Back 51

genetics

Front 52

Which species of livestock has a diploid number (number of pairs of chromosomes) of 19?

Back 52

swine

Front 53

What takes place when a sperm cell from the male reaches an egg cell from the female?

Back 53

fertilization

Front 54

Which trait for beef cattle has the highest heritability estimate?

Back 54

rib eye area

Front 55

Which trait in swine has the lowest heritability estimate?

Back 55

birth weight

Front 56

Genotype refers to the:

Back 56

combination of genes

Front 57

When chromosomes pairs are divided in such a manner that each gamete has one of each
type of chromosome, the process is called:

Back 57

meiosis

Front 58

The characteristics of an animal that are inheritable are passed from one generation to the next by:

Back 58

genes

Front 59

Sperm cells are produced in the:

Back 59

testicles

Front 60

The release of the egg cell from the ovary is called:

Back 60

ovulation

Front 61

The average length of gestation sheep is:

Back 61

148 days

Front 62

The length of the estrus cycle for sheep is:

Back 62

16 days

Front 63

The diploid number (pairs of chromosomes) for sheep is:

Back 63

27

Front 64

The average age for cattle to reach puberty is:

Back 64

6-8 months

Front 65

The first successful cloning of a vertebrate organism from mature body cells occurred in
1996 with which species?

Back 65

sheep

Front 66

Which is NOT a potential benefit of genetic engineering in livestock production?

Back 66

developing new species of livestock

Front 67

The process of inducing cows to produce several oocytes during each estrus cycle is:

Back 67

superovulation

Front 68

Porcine somatotropin (pST) is a protein produced in which gland of the pig?

Back 68

pituitary

Front 69

Mating animals of the same breed is called:

Back 69

straightbreeding

Front 70

The mating of two animals that can be traced back to one common ancestor is:

Back 70

linebreeding

Front 71

What is a common disqualification in rules for registering animals in a breed association?

Back 71

color markings

Front 72

The majority of beef cow herd operations have how many cows?

Back 72

1-49 head

Front 73

Which factor does NOT affect the demand for beef?

Back 73

availability of imported beef

Front 74

What is a disadvantage of raising beef?

Back 74

time required to develop a cattle herd

Front 75

Which of the listed regions of the United States produces the most beef cattle?

Back 75

North Plains

Front 76

How many breeds of beef cattle are available to producers in the United States?

Back 76

50+

Front 77

The Simmental breed of beef cattle which dates back to the Middle Ages, originated in which country?

Back 77

Switzerland

Front 78

Which breed of cattle was the first to be imported to the United States?

Back 78

Shorthorn

Front 79

Which breed of cattle is classified as a Bos indicus type?

Back 79

Brahman

Front 80

What percent of cash income from livestock and crops come from beef in the United States?

Back 80

18%

Front 81

Which breed of cattle was in existence in Italy before the time of the Roman Empire?

Back 81

Chianina

Front 82

In 1927, the United States Congress appropriated money for which breed of cattle that were almost extinct?

Back 82

Texas Longhorn

Front 83

The Beef Promotion and Research Act of 1985 established a checkoff amount for every head of beef sold in the United States of:

Back 83

$1.00

Front 84

The method of marketing where cattle are sold by public bidding to the highest bidder is:

Back 84

auction markets

Front 85

Shrinkage of cattle as they are moved to market is NOT affected by:

Back 85

market price

Front 86

The country of origin labeling became mandatory in what year?

Back 86

2004

Front 87

A beef carcass with slightly abundant marbling with a maturity level A will be what grade?

Back 87

Prime

Front 88

Which beef cattle yield grade indicates the highest yield of lean meat?

Back 88

Yield Grade 1

Front 89

Which of the following states produces the most swine?

Back 89

North Carolina

Front 90

Which breed of swine has the highest performance in average litter size ratio?

Back 90

Yorkshire

Front 91

Which breed of swine was developed in the United States

Back 91

Poland China

Front 92

Approximately what percent of the market hogs sold in the United States are priced on the
basis of carcass merit?

Back 92

70%

Front 93

A futures contract for marketing hogs is based on units. One trading unit equals:

Back 93

30,000 pounds

Front 94

The traditionally recommended weight for marketing slaughter hogs has been:

Back 94

200-220 pounds

Front 95

Which state produces the most sheep and lambs?

Back 95

California

Front 96

The majority of sheep operations produce:

Back 96

less than 100 head

Front 97

Which breed of sheep is classified as a fine wool breed?

Back 97

Rambouillet

Front 98

Lambs under three months of age weighing less than 60 pounds sold in specialty markets between Christmas and Easter are called:

Back 98

Hothouse lambs

Front 99

Lambs prices average higher during which period of the year?

Back 99

March through May

Front 100

The thickness of fat over the ribeye determines the yield grade for all slaughter sheep. A
slaughter sheep with 0.26 to 0.35 inches of fat will grade:

Back 100

Yield Grade 3

Front 101

Adapting the behavior of animals to fit the need of humans is called:

Back 101

domestication

Front 102

Which species of livestock descended from two wild stocks known as “Sus scrofa” and “Sus
vittatus”?

Back 102

swine

Front 103

Most present-day sheep descended from the wild sheep called Moufflons and the:

Back 103

Asiatic urial

Front 104

Which species of livestock does NOT belong to the family Bovidae?

Back 104

swine

Front 105

Which species of livestock is the most efficient into converting feed into energy and protein?

Back 105

swine

Front 106

How many different drugs such as Insulin and Epinephrine used by humans for medical purposes are made from animal by-products?

Back 106

more than 100

Front 107

Average beef consumption in the United States ranges from pounds per person
per year.

Back 107

60 - 70

Front 108

According to USDA, the greatest expense in the production of livestock is:

Back 108

feed purchased

Front 109

Which of the following states is in the Top 10 in the production of beef cattle, sheep, and
swine?

Back 109

Iowa

Front 110

Joints in the skeleton of animals that allow free movement and have a fluid-filled cavity are
called:

Back 110

diarthroses joints

Front 111

Which breed is classified as a “dual-purpose” breed (milk and meat)?

Back 111

South Devon

Front 112

Frame score is a measurement based on observation and height measurement when calves are
evaluated at days of age.

Back 112

205

Front 113

__________ is a measure of the degree of difference between the offspring of a specific bull and the offspring of the average bull of the breed in the trait being measured.

Back 113

EPD

Front 114

The carcass merit of cattle is expressed by yield grade. Which yield grade is assigned when a carcass yields from 50.1% - 52.3%?

Back 114

yield grade 2

Front 115

Which of the following terms should only be used when talking reasons for breeding cattle and not for market classes?

Back 115

condition

Front 116

A chronic degenerative disease that affects the central nervous system of cattle (also called “Mad Cow Disease”):

Back 116

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy

Front 117

Cattle infected with this disease often abort during the last half of pregnancy.

Back 117

Brucellosis

Front 118

Brisket disease affects the _________ in cattle?

Back 118

heart

Front 119

Which breed of swine has an average litter size ratio of 100 when compared to other breeds?

Back 119

Yorkshire

Front 120

Which information is NOT typically required for the registration of individual hogs?

Back 120

Number of teats

Front 121

Application of genetic principles to performance records in swine selection results in:

Back 121

Estimated Breeding Values

Front 122

Normal temperature range for swine is:

Back 122

102.0°F to 103.6°F

Front 123

Which disease affects the turbinate bones in swine?

Back 123

Atropic Rhinitis

Front 124

A swine nutritional health problem caused by a lack of iron in the diet.

Back 124

Anemia

Front 125

The sudden death of heavily muscled hogs is referred to as:

Back 125

Porcine Stress Syndrome

Front 126

Which breed of sheep is classed as a Medium Wool?

Back 126

Shropshire

Front 127

The breed of sheep noted for producing a 200 to 250 percent lamb crop:

Back 127

Finnsheep

Front 128

A majority of meat goats are a cross of Spanish goats and __________ goats.

Back 128

Boer

Front 129

Bacterial disease that affects both sheep and goats when the animal has a wound. Symptoms include stiffness, rigid jaw, and inability to eat.

Back 129

Tetanus

Front 130

Scrapie is a disease of both sheep and goats that affects the:

Back 130

brain

Front 131

Milk Fever is a nutritional disease affecting both sheep and goats during lactation due to a
lack of _________ in the blood.

Back 131

calcium

Front 132

The most serious health problem of sheep and goats is:

Back 132

Internal parasites

Front 133

Which species of livestock has a diploid number of 27 (pairs of chromosomes)?

Back 133

Sheep

Front 134

Which trait in beef cattle has the highest heritability estimate?

Back 134

Final feedlot weight

Front 135

Sheep have the highest heritability estimate for which of the following traits?

Back 135

Staple length

Front 136

Which trait for swine has the lowest heritability estimate?

Back 136

Litter size

Front 137

The physical appearance of an animal is referred to as it:

Back 137

Phenotype

Front 138

Which hormone is responsible for the masculine appearance in animals?

Back 138

Testosterone

Front 139

Which species of livestock reaches puberty based on the season and not age?

Back 139

Goats

Front 140

The length of gestation for swine is an average of how many days?

Back 140

114 days

Front 141

The release of the egg from the ovary is called?

Back 141

Ovulation

Front 142

The most intensive form of inbreeding is called?

Back 142

Closebreeding

Front 143

When crossbreeding beef cattle with a 2-breed cross, which trait has the advantage
over non-crossbred cattle?

Back 143

Yearling weight

Front 144

Which production trait in swine is not increased when crossing with a purebred sow?

Back 144

Conception rate

Front 145

What percent of beef cattle cow-calf operations in the United States have less than 50 head of cows?

Back 145

77.5%

Front 146

Which breed of beef cattle has been the leader on total number registered since 1970?

Back 146

Angus

Front 147

Which breed of beef cattle did NOT originate in Scotland?

Back 147

Shorthorn

Front 148

Which English breed of cattle was originally called Durhams?

Back 148

Shorthorn

Front 149

Which breed of polled cattle originated from horned cattle and were selected because
of the recessive trait and not a breed know to be naturally polled?

Back 149

Polled Hereford

Front 150

Which breed of beef cattle in NOT white in color?

Back 150

Saler

Front 151

In beef cattle, a muscle conformation score for feeder calves of 1 indicates:

Back 151

An exceptionally thin calf

Front 152

Which of the following breeds of beef cattle has the heaviest birth weight for calves
of either sex for performance testing?

Back 152

Charolais

Front 153

If a steer produces a yield of 47.8% to 50% of carcass weight in boneless retail cuts, it has a yield grade of:

Back 153

3

Front 154

The Beef Check-off of $1 per head for every head of bee sold in the United States
was established by:

Back 154

The Beef Promotion and Research Act of 1985

Front 155

Markets where cattle are sold by public bidding, with the animals going to the highest
bidder, is:

Back 155

Auction market

Front 156

Cattle with a U.S. Quality Grade of Prime will have a marbling grade of:

Back 156

Slightly Abundant

Front 157

In some cattle a condition in which the lean meat is darker than normal is called:

Back 157

Dark cutting beef

Front 158

Which of the following states has the highest number of hogs and pigs?

Back 158

North Carolina

Front 159

In comparing breed performance for litter size in swine, which breed has the highest litter size ratio?

Back 159

Landrace

Front 160

Which purebred of swine can be traced back nearly 300 years?

Back 160

Berkshire

Front 161

Which of the breeds listed does not have red as one of its standard colors?

Back 161

Pietrain

Front 162

Which breed of hog is black with a white belt that encircles the fore part of the body?

Back 162

Hampshire

Front 163

The four primal cuts of a hog carcass represent what percent of the total value of the
animal?

Back 163

75%

Front 164

Symbol III represents the ideal market hog of the future. One production characteristic of Symbol III is a live market weight of:

Back 164

270 pounds

Front 165

The Pork Promotion, Research and Consumer Information Act of 1985 established an
assessment of _________ per $100 value of pork sold in the United States.

Back 165

40¢

Front 166

The major objection of boar meat is the odor of the meat called boar taint. One compound causing boar taint is:

Back 166

Skatole

Front 167

Approximately what percent of the market hogs sold in the United States are priced
on the basis of carcass merit?

Back 167

70%

Front 168

A barrow or gilt having a U.S. No. one grade will produce a chilled carcass yielding ________ or more of the four lean cuts.

Back 168

60.4 percent

Front 169

A barrow that grades a U.S. Number 2 and is thick muscled will have a back fat
measurement of:

Back 169

1.25 – 1.49 inches

Front 170

What month of the year is the price of slaughter hogs the highest on average?

Back 170

July

Front 171

What is the unit of trading when marketing live hogs with a futures contract?

Back 171

30,000 pounds (around 140 head)

Front 172

Which listed state has the highest number of sheep and lambs?

Back 172

California

Front 173

The Columbia breed of sheep is classified as:

Back 173

Crossbred wool

Front 174

Which Medium Wool breed of sheep has a white face?

Back 174

Dorset

Front 175

Which Medium Wool breed was developed in the United States?

Back 175

Montadale

Front 176

___________ is a term for the general build of a sheep.

Back 176

Type

Front 177

Which breed of goat is primarily used for breeding meat goats?

Back 177

Boer

Front 178

Sheep that are 7 to 12 months of age have the age classification of:

Back 178

Lambs

Front 179

Which live grade of sheep is used only on lambs and yearlings and NOT for slaughter lambs?

Back 179

Prime

Front 180

The retail cut of lamb identified as American-Style Roast comes from the:

Back 180

Leg

Front 181

Lamb prices vary throughout the year and reach a high during which time?

Back 181

March to May

Front 182

Goat meat is marketed under the name:

Back 182

Chevon