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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
where does most of nutrient absorption occur in the intestines
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small intestines
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what are the structural modifications that in the small intestines
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villi, this is where the blood vessels are to take up the nutrients
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where do cells begin to grow in the intestine?
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at the crypts (bottom of intestine)
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what does damage to the villi directly affect
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absorption
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do villi take a long time to regnenerate?
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no, fast
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where in the intestines do babies have issues with diarrhea?
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small intestine
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how does the cecum work in a neonate
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not very well not until they are eating on their own
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what is produced in the cecum
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VFA's
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how much water is resorbed in the lg. intestine?
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15%
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how is most of the water absorbed in the small intestine?
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via osmosis from the nutrients
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what are the 2 big types of diarrhea?
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malabsorptive and secretory
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how much of the body wt. is fluid?
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60%
blood-5% tissue-15% cellular-40% |
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what happens to electrolytes with secretory diarrhea?
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puts too much stuff in the intestines, they are excreting a lot and losing electrolytes this can cause changes in pH
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what happens to electrolyes with malabsorptive diarrhea?
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the electrolytes are pretty much OK, pH stays within normal range
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what can cause osmotic diarrhea
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lactose intolerance. they don't have the lactase to break down the lactose, this pulls water into the intestine and causes diarrhea.
magnesium laxative can also do this |
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what can cause blunting of the villi
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rotavirus, coronavirus, parasites, immune
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what is the pathophysiology of ecoli?
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ecoli goes intracellular and increases cyclic AMP in the cell. this causes a decrease of NaCl in the cell that gets absorbed back into the bowel. Losing chloride in teh feces, Na doesn't get absorbed- metabolic acidosis accompanies this.
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what is dymotility diarrhea
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can be caused by hyperthyoridism. Lunn always tells us this is us when we go to clinics and don't eat for many hours then scarf down a ton of food and get sick
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what are some bacterial causes of diarrhea
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ecoli
salmonella campylobacter |
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what are some viral causes of diarrhea
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rotavirus and coronavirus
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what are some parasites/protozoa that can cause diarrhea in calves?
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cryptosporidum, coccidia, giardia (maybe in camelids)
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what is another cause of diarrhea
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milk replacer
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why is calf diarrhea so bad
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they have no reserves, they are babies. They are born from Jan-May its freaking freezing!
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what happens to calves with malabsorptive diarrhea
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they starve to death
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when do you calves present with e.coli
KNOW THIS |
<5 days
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when do calves present with salmonella
KNOW THIS |
> 7 days
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when do calves present with rotavirus
KNOW THIS |
5-14 days
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when do calves present with coronavirus?
KNOW THIS |
5-21 days
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when do calves present with cryptosproidium?
KNOW THIS |
> 5 days (in real life, any calf, check for crypto)
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when do calves present with coccidia?
KNOW THIS |
> 21 days
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summary. when do calves present with:
ecoli salmonella rotavirus coronavirus cryptosporidium coccidia |
ecoli <5 days
salmonella > 7 days rotavirus 5-14 days coronavirus 5-21 days crypto > 5 days (in real life, any age check for crypto) coccidia > 21 days (eimeria) |
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is e.coli gram neg. or positive?
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negative
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what kind of diarrhea does e.coli cause in calves?
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secretory
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what is the most common bacterial d+ causing dz in calves
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e.coli
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where does e.coli spread in the body and attack
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kidneys, lungs, heart and brain ... all the good stuff
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how is e.coli transmitted?
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feco-oral route
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how do you px e.coli infections
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be clean. don't let babies nurse off of dirty teats
seperate the adults from the babies |
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if there is e.coli infection, what has failed on this farm?
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management. You got lazy ppl working
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what is the pili of e.coli that adhere to the enterocytes?
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K99
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what does a calf look like when it has e.coli?
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depressed
obtunded dehydrated tachycardia tachypnea - from metabolic acidosis hyperthermic? if dehydrated- then they will have a dec. temp |
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attaching and effacing E.coli
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cytotoxic damage to intestinal mucosa
can affect LI (cecum and colon) mucohemorrhagic colitis painful!!! calves will grind teet up to one month of age |
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how do you know if a calf has meningitis
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neurologic and very painful around neck and vertebrae
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how do you know if a calf has meningitis
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CBC
CSF painful when manipulated do lumbosacral epidural |
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septicemic e. coli, what will you see
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dehydration
hypopion - anterior chamber of the eye has pus in it septic joints |
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what is the mechanism of umbilical infections
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1 vein 2 arteries
vein becomes falicorm ligament attaches to the liver- the the liver gets connected to a tube of pus 2 arteries become the round ligaments of the bladder fever painful not associated with a particular serotype |
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how do you treat umbilical hernias
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treatment is usually unrewarding
does not respond to abx FAILURE OF PASSIVE TRANSFER prevent with proper colostrum management and group hygiene assessment of passive transfer total protein- greater than 5.5 g/dl if they have enough ab's zinc sulfate or sodium sulfite turbidity |
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general signs of Ecoli
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diarrhea usually occurs in 3-5 days
age related resistance severe, watery diarrhea (pineapple juice) subnormal body temp depression tachycardia acute death |
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clin path of e.coli diarrhea
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metabolic acidosis
hyperkalemic initially, then hypokalemic hypoglycemia hemoconcentration (elevated BUN and creatine) hypoproteinemia - from d+, and failure of passive transfer colostrum has a ton of GGT in it, so if you see this on a chem then you will know they drank some colostrum |
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what cheap test can you do to see if a calf has received enough colostrum?
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TP in a hematocrit tube should be > 5.5 g/ dL to be adequate
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factors that affect dystocia rates
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genetics, nutrition, pelvis, lack of observation during birth, personnel not familiar with birthing routine
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what happens if the momma is too fat
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the fat is added in the pelvic canal and can cause metabolic disorders
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what happens if the momma is too thin
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leads to weakness
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what can you give if the baby didn't get enough colostrum
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can give substitute ab's they are sketchy sooo who knows
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how long is the gut designed to absorb ab;s?
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first 24 hours
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what can you do to save some colostrum
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freeze it
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what can happen with colostrum of older cows
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they may leak it out before they calve
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how can you test colostrum
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with a colostrometer
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what will you look for on PE to determine if the calves need treatment
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look at attitude, temp, diarrhea, suckle reflex, access joints and umbilicus, access hydration status, eye position, mucous membranes
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what will you see with moderate dehydration in a calf?
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calf is reluctant to stand but is not lateral
skin tent is prolonged eyes are sunken mucous membranes are tacky legs and ears feel cool |
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what will a severely dehydrated calf look like?
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over 5 liters of fluids are gone from their tissues
they are too weak to stand |
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when are oral fluid not good
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when the calf is over 8% dehydrated
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do you put table sugar in oral fluids for cows
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no they cant break it down to use it, it causes osmotic diarrhea
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is it OK to add potassium to oral fluid
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yes, by the time you have a hyperkalemic animal they need IV fluids so you're safe
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what happens when you give bicarb to babies
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you cant have the milk clot formation they can just have diarrhea and not absorb anything
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what can you use to alkalinize a baby wthat is getting its moms milk
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acetate or propionate
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what do you have to do with bicarb if you give it to a baby
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have to stagger it out with the feedings so that they get their milk clot
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what do you have to have for oral fluids to work
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normal gut motility
adequate gut perfusion adequate gut absorption capacity |
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with the oral rehydrations what do you also have to do
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give them milk,they still need nutrients! you can keep them off milk for about 24 hours but give them dextrose
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how much milk to feed
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calves need 10% of body wt.
increase to 15-20% if very cold or if calf is very ill |
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how many mls are in a pint
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480 ml
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how many lbs is a pint
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1 lb
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how many cups is one pint
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2
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how many oz are in a cup
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8
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how many ml are in an oz
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30
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why would you give abx to a neonate that you know that it probably wont respond to abx
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their immune system is bad, they probably have failure of passive transfer, so you're preventing them from getting septicemia
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what is the key to success when treating calf diarrhea
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catch the scours early before their fluid loss is too large to correct with oral fluids
supplement the calf with oral fluids and electrolyes freq until the GIT is back to normal |
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when do you tell farmers to worry about calves with diarrhea
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calf is unable to stand and is very depressed
calf has not improved or has gotten worse after 24 hours of oral fluids blood in mare multiple calves are sick calves are dying |
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what do you do with the hutches after the calf has outgrown it
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powerwash and disinfect, move the hutch to a different part of dirt
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with milk replacer what should be the first ingredient
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whey, skim milk, casein, whole milk
plasma and serum- not very good want 20% protein in there |
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how much fat do you need in milk replacer?
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20% maybe more if really cold
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do you want fiber in milk replacer
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no if its up to 1% then its bad
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