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81 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
where does most of nutrient absorption occur in the intestines
small intestines
what are the structural modifications that in the small intestines
villi, this is where the blood vessels are to take up the nutrients
where do cells begin to grow in the intestine?
at the crypts (bottom of intestine)
what does damage to the villi directly affect
absorption
do villi take a long time to regnenerate?
no, fast
where in the intestines do babies have issues with diarrhea?
small intestine
how does the cecum work in a neonate
not very well not until they are eating on their own
what is produced in the cecum
VFA's
how much water is resorbed in the lg. intestine?
15%
how is most of the water absorbed in the small intestine?
via osmosis from the nutrients
what are the 2 big types of diarrhea?
malabsorptive and secretory
how much of the body wt. is fluid?
60%
blood-5%
tissue-15%
cellular-40%
what happens to electrolytes with secretory diarrhea?
puts too much stuff in the intestines, they are excreting a lot and losing electrolytes this can cause changes in pH
what happens to electrolyes with malabsorptive diarrhea?
the electrolytes are pretty much OK, pH stays within normal range
what can cause osmotic diarrhea
lactose intolerance. they don't have the lactase to break down the lactose, this pulls water into the intestine and causes diarrhea.
magnesium laxative can also do this
what can cause blunting of the villi
rotavirus, coronavirus, parasites, immune
what is the pathophysiology of ecoli?
ecoli goes intracellular and increases cyclic AMP in the cell. this causes a decrease of NaCl in the cell that gets absorbed back into the bowel. Losing chloride in teh feces, Na doesn't get absorbed- metabolic acidosis accompanies this.
what is dymotility diarrhea
can be caused by hyperthyoridism. Lunn always tells us this is us when we go to clinics and don't eat for many hours then scarf down a ton of food and get sick
what are some bacterial causes of diarrhea
ecoli
salmonella
campylobacter
what are some viral causes of diarrhea
rotavirus and coronavirus
what are some parasites/protozoa that can cause diarrhea in calves?
cryptosporidum, coccidia, giardia (maybe in camelids)
what is another cause of diarrhea
milk replacer
why is calf diarrhea so bad
they have no reserves, they are babies. They are born from Jan-May its freaking freezing!
what happens to calves with malabsorptive diarrhea
they starve to death
when do you calves present with e.coli
KNOW THIS
<5 days
when do calves present with salmonella
KNOW THIS
> 7 days
when do calves present with rotavirus
KNOW THIS
5-14 days
when do calves present with coronavirus?
KNOW THIS
5-21 days
when do calves present with cryptosproidium?
KNOW THIS
> 5 days (in real life, any calf, check for crypto)
when do calves present with coccidia?
KNOW THIS
> 21 days
summary. when do calves present with:
ecoli
salmonella
rotavirus
coronavirus
cryptosporidium
coccidia
ecoli <5 days
salmonella > 7 days
rotavirus 5-14 days
coronavirus 5-21 days
crypto > 5 days (in real life, any age check for crypto)
coccidia > 21 days (eimeria)
is e.coli gram neg. or positive?
negative
what kind of diarrhea does e.coli cause in calves?
secretory
what is the most common bacterial d+ causing dz in calves
e.coli
where does e.coli spread in the body and attack
kidneys, lungs, heart and brain ... all the good stuff
how is e.coli transmitted?
feco-oral route
how do you px e.coli infections
be clean. don't let babies nurse off of dirty teats
seperate the adults from the babies
if there is e.coli infection, what has failed on this farm?
management. You got lazy ppl working
what is the pili of e.coli that adhere to the enterocytes?
K99
what does a calf look like when it has e.coli?
depressed
obtunded
dehydrated
tachycardia
tachypnea - from metabolic acidosis
hyperthermic? if dehydrated- then they will have a dec. temp
attaching and effacing E.coli
cytotoxic damage to intestinal mucosa
can affect LI (cecum and colon)
mucohemorrhagic colitis
painful!!!
calves will grind teet
up to one month of age
how do you know if a calf has meningitis
neurologic and very painful around neck and vertebrae
how do you know if a calf has meningitis
CBC
CSF
painful when manipulated
do lumbosacral epidural
septicemic e. coli, what will you see
dehydration
hypopion - anterior chamber of the eye has pus in it
septic joints
what is the mechanism of umbilical infections
1 vein 2 arteries
vein becomes falicorm ligament attaches to the liver- the the liver gets connected to a tube of pus
2 arteries become the round ligaments of the bladder
fever
painful
not associated with a particular serotype
how do you treat umbilical hernias
treatment is usually unrewarding
does not respond to abx
FAILURE OF PASSIVE TRANSFER
prevent with proper colostrum management and group hygiene
assessment of passive transfer
total protein- greater than 5.5 g/dl if they have enough ab's
zinc sulfate or sodium sulfite turbidity
general signs of Ecoli
diarrhea usually occurs in 3-5 days
age related resistance
severe, watery diarrhea (pineapple juice)
subnormal body temp
depression
tachycardia
acute death
clin path of e.coli diarrhea
metabolic acidosis
hyperkalemic initially, then hypokalemic
hypoglycemia
hemoconcentration (elevated BUN and creatine)
hypoproteinemia - from d+, and failure of passive transfer
colostrum has a ton of GGT in it, so if you see this on a chem then you will know they drank some colostrum
what cheap test can you do to see if a calf has received enough colostrum?
TP in a hematocrit tube should be > 5.5 g/ dL to be adequate
factors that affect dystocia rates
genetics, nutrition, pelvis, lack of observation during birth, personnel not familiar with birthing routine
what happens if the momma is too fat
the fat is added in the pelvic canal and can cause metabolic disorders
what happens if the momma is too thin
leads to weakness
what can you give if the baby didn't get enough colostrum
can give substitute ab's they are sketchy sooo who knows
how long is the gut designed to absorb ab;s?
first 24 hours
what can you do to save some colostrum
freeze it
what can happen with colostrum of older cows
they may leak it out before they calve
how can you test colostrum
with a colostrometer
what will you look for on PE to determine if the calves need treatment
look at attitude, temp, diarrhea, suckle reflex, access joints and umbilicus, access hydration status, eye position, mucous membranes
what will you see with moderate dehydration in a calf?
calf is reluctant to stand but is not lateral
skin tent is prolonged
eyes are sunken
mucous membranes are tacky
legs and ears feel cool
what will a severely dehydrated calf look like?
over 5 liters of fluids are gone from their tissues
they are too weak to stand
when are oral fluid not good
when the calf is over 8% dehydrated
do you put table sugar in oral fluids for cows
no they cant break it down to use it, it causes osmotic diarrhea
is it OK to add potassium to oral fluid
yes, by the time you have a hyperkalemic animal they need IV fluids so you're safe
what happens when you give bicarb to babies
you cant have the milk clot formation they can just have diarrhea and not absorb anything
what can you use to alkalinize a baby wthat is getting its moms milk
acetate or propionate
what do you have to do with bicarb if you give it to a baby
have to stagger it out with the feedings so that they get their milk clot
what do you have to have for oral fluids to work
normal gut motility
adequate gut perfusion
adequate gut absorption capacity
with the oral rehydrations what do you also have to do
give them milk,they still need nutrients! you can keep them off milk for about 24 hours but give them dextrose
how much milk to feed
calves need 10% of body wt.
increase to 15-20% if very cold or if calf is very ill
how many mls are in a pint
480 ml
how many lbs is a pint
1 lb
how many cups is one pint
2
how many oz are in a cup
8
how many ml are in an oz
30
why would you give abx to a neonate that you know that it probably wont respond to abx
their immune system is bad, they probably have failure of passive transfer, so you're preventing them from getting septicemia
what is the key to success when treating calf diarrhea
catch the scours early before their fluid loss is too large to correct with oral fluids
supplement the calf with oral fluids and electrolyes freq until the GIT is back to normal
when do you tell farmers to worry about calves with diarrhea
calf is unable to stand and is very depressed
calf has not improved or has gotten worse after 24 hours of oral fluids
blood in mare
multiple calves are sick
calves are dying
what do you do with the hutches after the calf has outgrown it
powerwash and disinfect, move the hutch to a different part of dirt
with milk replacer what should be the first ingredient
whey, skim milk, casein, whole milk
plasma and serum- not very good
want 20% protein in there
how much fat do you need in milk replacer?
20% maybe more if really cold
do you want fiber in milk replacer
no if its up to 1% then its bad