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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Antibody-producing B cells are derived from which lineage of the HSC? |
Lymphoid lineage |
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Name the cell types from lymphoid |
CD4 T-cells, CD8 T cells, Natural Killer cells, B cells |
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Which is the most abundant class of antibody present in human serum? |
IgG |
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Which of the two classes of antibodies contain J chains? |
IgA and IgM |
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Which antibody contains secretory elements |
IgA |
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To which receptor does the secretory element bind for antibody transcytosis across membranes? |
Polymeric Ig receptor |
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The antigenic determinant to which an antibody binds is better known as what? |
epitope |
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The Fc region is crucial for delivering the effector functions of an antibody. Which two mechanisms deliver these effector functions? Provide the mechanisms in full, not just theirabbreviations |
Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity (ADCC) and Complement Mediated Cytotoxicity(CMC) |
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Humanised antibodies are produced by grafting which part of a mouse antibody into a human antibody framework? |
Complementarity Determining Regions or CDRs |
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Give two reasons why a mouse antibody must be humanised if it is to be used in humans? |
Human Anti-Mouse Antibody (HAMA) reactions and loss of effector functions if Fc domain is mouse |
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Name two antibody-based drugs and the human diseases they are used to treat |
Rituximab (Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma) Herceptin (Breast cancer) |
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Provide an example of a disease causing bacterium which can be prevented using a licensed vaccine based on bacterial polysaccharide? |
Streptococcus pneumonia, Haemophilus influenza, Salmonella typhi, Neisseria meninigitidis |
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What is the main limitation of polysaccharide vaccine |
They work very poorly in infants (less than 2 years old) |
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What is the immunological reason for this limitation? |
They are T-cell independent antigen. They induce only an antibody response without T-cell involvement or memory |
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How can this problem be overcome? |
By conjugating the polysaccharide to a protein carrier. The resultant glycoconjugate induces a T-cell response |
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The “non-toxic NetB mutant is a site-directed mutant. What generic term do we use for this type of toxoid vaccine? |
Genetic toxoid |
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How does formaldehyde treatment generate a vaccine? |
It cross-links the protein, abolishing toxicity but retaining immunogenicity. |
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What is the most likely type of protective immune response? |
Neutralising antibodies to the toxin |
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At the end point of the signalling cascade NFkB can be activated. What is the next step in the cascade? |
The released p50/p65 protein migrates into the nucleus and activates the expression of genes encoding inflammatory mediators |
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Name the three main broad approaches for antibody production |
Animal approach Cellular approach Binder/proteomic approach |
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Name the first (and still main) method used to generate monoclonal antibodies |
Hybridoma technology |
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Briefly describe the technology identified in b), identifying the properties of the individual cell types, the combined properties of the fused cells, and details of the chemical selection procedure |
B cell (antibody-producing cell) is HGPRT+ but cannot grow in long-term culture Myeloma cell is HGPRT- but can grow in long-term culture Hybridoma cells have properties of both cell types Grow cells in HAT medium – aminopterin blocks nucleic acid biosynthesis Salvage pathway exists provided exogenous H and T are given Because hybridomas have HGPRT, they are able to use the salvage pathway andhave immortality from the myeloma cell |
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Give 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of the technology described |
ADV Ability to get high affinity monoclonal antibodiesAbility to store and grow the hybridoma cells for “indefinite” mAb production DIS Inefficient process as it takes a long time to generate the antibody Antibodies must be screened extensively to fish out desired one(s) |
