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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Treaty Of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Guaranteed.. |
Citizenship to Californios.
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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Why did Hispanics face discrimination? |
- Right after the war emotions were still strong
- Hispanics were competing with the U.S. newcomers for gold - Racial prejudices were widespread |
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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Californio land claims |
Were supposed to be "inviolably respected"
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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Californio Land Claims - Temporary prosperity because of high demands |
for food, creating image of fiestas, dancing, parties, etc
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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Californio Land Claims -America squatters settled on what looked like vacant lands |
on californio ranchos.
Squatters riot on sutters land brought several deaths |
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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Californio Land Claims - Congress used a land commission to try to sort out |
Lax and vague titles and deeds of "Spanish land grants"
-604 Cases involving 9 million acres confirmed previous land ownership -209 cases involving 4 million acres rejected these earlier claims -Cases could be appealed to courts -average time for settlement:17 years |
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Foreign Miners' Tax
Initially |
Sky high at $20 per month, so many foreigners left.
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Foreign Miners' Tax
Repealed in 1851 |
but because merchants wanted miners' business, and state govt needed revenue, the tax was revived in 1852 at $3/month and then $4/month. Comprised 1/2 state govt income in 1850's < 1/4 by 1860's
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Foreign Miners' Tax
Declared |
Unconstitutional in 1870
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Chinese
Taiping Rebellion 1851-64 |
Caused, 20 million deaths and much emigration
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Chinese
People v. Hall |
State court decision re-admissibility of of Chinese testimony in courts..
Chinese testimony was not valid.. |
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Chinese work in CA
Mining |
During entire 1st period. 70% of Chinese
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Chinese work in CA
Job Diversity |
During next period >10,000 building the 1st transcontinental railroad
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Chinese work in CA
Chinese Exclusion Act |
Congress passed an immigration restriction law in 1882 to stop the "yellow peril" i.e. overwhelming # of Chinese immigrants
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Chinese work in CA
Decline |
by early 1900's - almost no reverse migration; no chance for upward social mobility hopeless, unmarried, urban common laborers
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Native- Americans
Anglo-American Views -Roman Noble Savage |
Eastern Idealists uncorrupted natural man
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Native- Americans
Anglo-American Views -Govt reservations |
Eventual reality for most
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Native- Americans
Anglo-American Views -Frontiersman |
"The only good Indian is a dead Indian"
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Native- Americans
Anglo-American Views -Christian |
Native Americans were a mission Field!
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Native - Americans
Congress authorized 3 Commissioners to negotiate treaties - 18 resulted |
1. 139 bands to get 11,700 sq. mi. = Vast reservations
2. Rejected as too generous by Senate, so smaller areas were designated |
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Native - Americans
Edward Beale's Ft. Tejon experiments |
1. 70,000 acres for Indians
2. "Ships of the desert" = Army Camels |
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Native - Americans
Captain Jack (Kientepoos) |
1. Modoc resistance led by Capt. Jack was one of few effective CA Indians resistance movements.
2. Cost of long war $0.5 Million and 75 soldiers lives. |
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Native - Americans
Ishi |
The last of the Yahi in 1911 when captured
Ishi's successful adaptation to modern ways proved that prevailing ideas of innate biological inferiority were false. |
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Native - Americans
California's Native Population - Past and Present |
Pre 1542 - 300,000
1845 - 150,000 1850 - 50,000 1870 - 30,000 1900 - 15,377 2000 - 308,571 |
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Native - Americans
California's Native Population - Past and Present - Disease and Mistreatment |
CA's Native-American population decreased dramatically after the U.S. conquest.
**60% of the decline resulted from disease ** Unfortunately "legalized and subsidized murder" was also involved Presently, many Native Americans have made CA home. |
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Culture during Early Statehood
Early American California's culture was "peculiarly rough and boisterous," young and male |
but NOT completely crude and primitive.
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Culture During Early Statehood
Banditry |
Was common - Wells Fargo Co. Stages were targets
- 147 offices in gold country - 313 robberies |
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Culture During Early Statehood
Banditry - Joaquin Murieta |
Legendary superbandit killed by EX-TX ranger Harry Love
Lots of robberies attributed to him, for which he probably never did. |
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Culture During Early Statehood
Banditry - Tiburcio Vasquez |
20 years S. CA crime career before hanging
Vasquez Rocks - hideout named for bandits |
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Culture During Early Statehood
Banditry - Black Bart |
Robbed 27 or 28 stages between 1875 - 1883
Left Poetry behind. |
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Culture During Early Statehood
Culture - Californians with money wanted news, entertainment and churches |
1. Newspapers and magazines in 1st 10 years, 132 periodicals began in SF alone.
2. by 1852, San Francisco alone had 30 worship places - Protestant, Roman Catholic, Jewish, Gold Rush evangelism - William taylor 3. Education - public education lagged behind church - related education 4. Theaters and Entertainment Loretta Crabtree - America's highest paid entertainer |
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Culture During Early Statehood
Writers of the 1850's Dame Shirley (aka Louise Amelia Knapp Smith clappe) |
-Wike of MD who toured mining camps
- Her 23 letters to her sister comprised the best account of the rough life of mining camps |
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Culture During Early Statehood
Writers of the 1850's Bret Hart |
Came to CA at 17 in 1854
Condemned massacre of Indians Editor and writer especially sentimental mining stories |
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Culture During Early Statehood
Writers of the 1850's Mark Twain |
Visited CA after NV mines
Wrote jumping frog story Reporter for Alta, CA Roughing It - Alta send him to Europe |
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Culture During Early Statehood
Writers of the 1850's Cincinnatus "Joaquin" Miller |
After reading poem about bandit Joaquin Murieta, began using name
Flashy style got publicity Famous poem about Columbus |
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Culture During Early Statehood
Blacks -African Americans Comprised only about |
1% of CA's population in the late 1850's
- 1.8% in 1940 - 4.3% in 1950 +- 7.7% since 1980 (with the greatest 21st century growth in suburbs) |
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Culture During Early Statehood
Blacks -Combating discimination |
1. Right to testify in court won 1863
- Chinese and Indians got right (1872) 2. Suffrage gained via Reconstruction 3. Substantial progress in gaining equal rights came via the Civil Rights movement of the 1950's an 60's |
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Culture During Early Statehood
Blacks -Biddy Mason - Case study in success |
- Born a slave: brought to CA in 1851 by Robert Smith a mormon
- Biddy got help from L.A. sheriff and judge to gain freedom 1856 -Worked as mid-wife and nurse in L.A. -1866 purchased 1st house and land w/$250 -With $ from many land deals, helped found 1st African-Am. Church in L.A. ran prison ministry, helped orphans -Biddy's slogan: "the open hand is blessed, for it gives in abundance even as it receives" |
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Culture During Early Statehood
Blacks -Urban life - disproportional #'s of CA blacks have traditionally lived in cities |
1. Residential mixing - Blacks in CA traditionally lived in mixed neighborhoods - often with other minority group members until..
2. WWII migrations in 1940's brought large #'s of African-Americans to CA cities when racially segregated ghettos first appeared |
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Transportation & 1st Transcontinental Railroad
Population Growth - California's Rapid population growth necessitated the improvement if its |
Transportation System
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Transportation & 1st Transcontinental Railroad
Population Growth -U.S. Ca's birthrate - initially lower than death rate, but the population grew. Why? |
Gold Rush Immigration
Stats for Non-indians 1848 - 15,000 1852 - 225,000 1860 - 380,000 1870 - 560,000 |
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Transportation & 1st Transcontinental Railroad
Transportation before the railroad |
- Paddlewheel steamers were important on inland rivers
- Manufacturing wagons and carriages were made by - Phineas Banning of Wilmington and John Studebaker of Placerville |
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Transportation & 1st Transcontinental Railroad
Transportation before the railroad - Ben Holladay |
- Earned money supplying Stephen Kearny's Army in U.S. - Mexican War
- 1852 came to CA, eventually coordinated 2670 +- miles of stagecoach lines in CA. - Introduced excellent "Concord Coaches" - 1862 bought out Pony Express and the Pony Express companies - 1866 sold out to Wells, Fargo |
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Transportation & 1st Transcontinental Railroad
Transportation before the railroad - Henry Wells, William Fargo & Co |
- Famous for Stage Coach lines
- 1852-1857 transported $58 million in gold to San Francisco - Eventually bought out competitors - Expanded in banking and Finance |
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Transportation & 1st Transcontinental Railroad
Transportation before the railroad - John Butterfield Overland Express Co. |
- 1st regular passenger service
- Won bid to carry U.S. mail - Stats - Invested one million $ - Employed 1000 - 28000 Miles, Missouri to San Fran - 24 Days, 18 hours, 26 minutes -$20 fare |
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Transportation & 1st Transcontinental Railroad
Transportation before the railroad - Pony Express |
- 1858 experiment - 17 day rider relay of pres. Buchanan's message to Sacramento
- Recruiting - needed 80 riders - Stats - $5/oz - 9 days, 23 hours - 190 stations, 400 horses, 30 miles / rider -1966 mi - St. Joseph, MO to Sacramento - Demonstrated feasibility of central route - in 1861, the telegraph made pony express obsolete |
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Transportation & 1st Transcontinental Railroad
Transcontinental Railroad - Dreams and Obstacles - Theodore Judah |
Construction Engineer dreamed of building a great railroad
San Francisco bankers tired of "Crazy Judah" |
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Transportation & 1st Transcontinental Railroad
Transcontinental Railroad - Dreams and Obstacles - Sectional bitterness back east |
Southerners wanted a southern route, Northerners wanted a norther route.
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Transportation & 1st Transcontinental Railroad
Transcontinental Railroad - Dreams and Obstacles - National govt policies |
1855 Study showed 5 possible routes
1862 Authorization - why possible then? |
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Transportation & 1st Transcontinental Railroad
Transcontinental Railroad - The Big Four - Motives |
Judah's failure in San Francisco - focused on lofty ideals
Success in sacramento - emphasized profits |
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Transportation & 1st Transcontinental Railroad
Transcontinental Railroad - The Big Four - Men |
Collis Huntington - Became VP of Central Pacific Co. (Later Southern Pacific)
Leland Stanford - President of Co. But loved politics (governor later) Charles Crocker - Supervised RR construction Mark Hopkins - treasurer |
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Transportation & 1st Transcontinental Railroad
Transcontinental Railroad - The Big Four - Money |
Assets = $100,000
Investment = $15,000 Ultimate Returns = $200 million |
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Transportation & 1st Transcontinental Railroad
Transcontinental Railroad - The Big Four - Manupulation |
Political - Judah as lobbyist
Moving mountains on maps RR companies created time zone concept |
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Transportation & 1st Transcontinental Railroad
Transcontinental Railroad - Building the Railroad - Chinese laborers |
Skepticism
Crocker's experiment 15,000 overall, 10,000 at peak at once Nicknames - Crockers pets, celestials, and cookies |
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Transportation & 1st Transcontinental Railroad
Transcontinental Railroad - Building the Railroad - Problems |
Indians, Mountains, Weather, Partnership
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Transportation & 1st Transcontinental Railroad
Transcontinental Railroad - Building the Railroad - Race |
Union Pacific route was easier
Competition for govt goodies |
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Transportation & 1st Transcontinental Railroad
Transcontinental Railroad - Building the Railroad - Promontory Point, Utah |
May 10, 1869
Two lines met 1086 miles from Omaha, 689 miles from sacramento Exactly one century after 1st spanish settlement 100 years later |
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The Terrible Seventies & a new Constitution
- Economic Ups and Downs - Comstock lode in Nevada |
World's Richest Deposits of Silver
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The Terrible Seventies & a new Constitution
- Economic Ups and Downs - Comstock lode in Nevada First Boom CA capital and Workers = |
"fifty niners" drained CA of capital needed to deal with depression, which worsened in CA
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The Terrible Seventies & a new Constitution
- Economic Ups and Downs - Comstock lode in Nevada First Boom - Old Pancake Henry Comstock |
False Claim, but gave name to Comstock mine.
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The Terrible Seventies & a new Constitution
- Economic Ups and Downs - Comstock lode in Nevada First Boom - James Fennimore |
VA City, named Virginia City
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The Terrible Seventies & a new Constitution
- Economic Ups and Downs - Comstock lode in Nevada First Boom - William Ralston's ring |
"Kings of the Comstock" - CA bankers led by Bank of CA since 1864
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The Terrible Seventies & a new Constitution
- Economic Ups and Downs - Comstock lode in Nevada Second Boom - "Irish Four" hit bonanza |
James Fair one of Irish Four, silver kings 1843, immigrated, 1849 gold rush, 1859 partnership
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The Terrible Seventies & a new Constitution
- Economic Ups and Downs - Comstock lode in Nevada Second Boom - "Lucky" Baldwin sold to Ralston |
The orphir mine, Ralston believed it an error, resigned, and took a fatal swim.
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The Terrible Seventies & a new Constitution
- Economic Ups and Downs - Comstock lode in Nevada Second Boom - Adolph Sutro's tunnel |
Was 4 miles long underneath Virginia City.
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The Terrible Seventies & a new Constitution
- Depression |
The -RR did NOT bring prosperity
- Overspeculation in Real estate -Unemployment - 10,000 Chinese RR workers were laid off. - National Panic 1873 - National economic downturn |
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The Terrible Seventies & a new Constitution
- Railroad Monopoly |
- The "Octopus"
- Other railroads were bought out - Shipping - SP gained control - Political Corruption - Powerful "political machine" corrupted politics -Pervaded all levels of government in both parties |
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The Terrible Seventies & a new Constitution
- Land Ownership -Miller and Lux |
Got 1 Million acres
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The Terrible Seventies & a new Constitution
- Land Ownership -Southern Pacific |
Was the biggest landowner in the state w/11.6 million acres
-Federal grants - Battle of Mussel Slough |
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The Terrible Seventies & a new Constitution
- Social & Political Turmoil -Chinese Scapegoats |
- Burlingame Treaty 1868 had encouraged Chinese immigration
- Unemployment aggravated racial tension, chinese were often stereotyped (along with other minority groups) |
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The Terrible Seventies & a new Constitution
- Social & Political Turmoil -"The Chinese Must Go!" |
Dennis Kearney led the WPC
(Almost) - Vigilantes were stopped |
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The Terrible Seventies & a new Constitution
- Social & Political Turmoil -Workingmen's Party Of California (WPC) Emerged Because of.... |
Anti-Chinese scapegoating and unemployment
Tried to unite white urban workers - 8 hour day - Better public schools - Regulation of banks - Anti-monopoly - Served as a bridge to more stable and popular labor unions later |
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Railroad Politics
Basic Reality: |
The Southern Pacific RR was the state's largest landowner, largest employer, and had the greatest accumulation of wealth
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Railroad Politics
The Emerging Corporate State - Gilded Age politics and Economics |
General Atmosphere - political corruption at all levels e.g. Grant-era
1870 to 1910, the biggest influence in CA politics was the Southern Pacific RR it was often a corrupting influence on both parties at all levels. The SP enjoyed a high degree of freedom from competition, but it was not all powerful |
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Railroad Politics
The Emerging Corporate State - Southern Pacific Railroad's Political Goals |
The SP used a powerful political machine
Machine bosses manipulated a network of people to protect the RR interest The SP began losing conflicts after problems damaged its reputation and when, the national govt, was involved. |
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Railroad Politics
The Southern Pacific's Decline - Colton Letters |
SP political manager David Colton died. When his widow sued the SP, her lawyers publicized letters that proved vote buying had occurred in Sacramento
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Railroad Politics
The Southern Pacific's Decline - "Dear Pard" Letters |
RR Pres, Stanford and VP Huntington publicly feuded, so more public letters charged political corruption
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Railroad Politics
The Southern Pacific's Decline - L.A. Free Harbor Fight |
L.A. Leaders wanted harbor facilities free from SP control.
Congress intervened: Army engineers to decide - favored LA/Long Beach |
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Railroad Politics
The Southern Pacific's Decline - Funding Bill |
Central Pacific had borrowed $28 million
Huntington proposed reducing interest from 6% to .5 of 1% over longer time. Wm. Randolph Hearst fought the RR with powerful weapons: words Congress voted down this bill and required SP to pay within 10 years |
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Railroad Politics
Turn-of-the-Century Reformers |
The populist Party emerged early during the depression of the 1890's to challenge corporate dominated laissez-faire policies
By 1898 and during the next two decades, Progressives in both the Democratic and Republican parties adopted and adapted the populist reform agenda |