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80 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Treaty Of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Guaranteed..
Citizenship to Californios.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Why did Hispanics face discrimination?
- Right after the war emotions were still strong
- Hispanics were competing with the U.S. newcomers for gold
- Racial prejudices were widespread
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Californio land claims
Were supposed to be "inviolably respected"
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Californio Land Claims
- Temporary prosperity because of high demands
for food, creating image of fiestas, dancing, parties, etc
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Californio Land Claims
-America squatters settled on what looked like vacant lands
on californio ranchos.
Squatters riot on sutters land brought several deaths
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Californio Land Claims
- Congress used a land commission to try to sort out
Lax and vague titles and deeds of "Spanish land grants"

-604 Cases involving 9 million acres confirmed previous land ownership
-209 cases involving 4 million acres rejected these earlier claims
-Cases could be appealed to courts
-average time for settlement:17 years
Foreign Miners' Tax

Initially
Sky high at $20 per month, so many foreigners left.
Foreign Miners' Tax

Repealed in 1851
but because merchants wanted miners' business, and state govt needed revenue, the tax was revived in 1852 at $3/month and then $4/month. Comprised 1/2 state govt income in 1850's < 1/4 by 1860's
Foreign Miners' Tax

Declared
Unconstitutional in 1870
Chinese

Taiping Rebellion 1851-64
Caused, 20 million deaths and much emigration
Chinese

People v. Hall
State court decision re-admissibility of of Chinese testimony in courts..

Chinese testimony was not valid..
Chinese work in CA

Mining
During entire 1st period. 70% of Chinese
Chinese work in CA

Job Diversity
During next period >10,000 building the 1st transcontinental railroad
Chinese work in CA

Chinese Exclusion Act
Congress passed an immigration restriction law in 1882 to stop the "yellow peril" i.e. overwhelming # of Chinese immigrants
Chinese work in CA

Decline
by early 1900's - almost no reverse migration; no chance for upward social mobility hopeless, unmarried, urban common laborers
Native- Americans

Anglo-American Views
-Roman Noble Savage
Eastern Idealists uncorrupted natural man
Native- Americans

Anglo-American Views
-Govt reservations
Eventual reality for most
Native- Americans

Anglo-American Views
-Frontiersman
"The only good Indian is a dead Indian"
Native- Americans

Anglo-American Views
-Christian
Native Americans were a mission Field!
Native - Americans

Congress authorized 3 Commissioners to negotiate treaties - 18 resulted
1. 139 bands to get 11,700 sq. mi. = Vast reservations

2. Rejected as too generous by Senate, so smaller areas were designated
Native - Americans

Edward Beale's Ft. Tejon experiments
1. 70,000 acres for Indians
2. "Ships of the desert" = Army Camels
Native - Americans

Captain Jack (Kientepoos)
1. Modoc resistance led by Capt. Jack was one of few effective CA Indians resistance movements.

2. Cost of long war $0.5 Million and 75 soldiers lives.
Native - Americans

Ishi
The last of the Yahi in 1911 when captured

Ishi's successful adaptation to modern ways proved that prevailing ideas of innate biological inferiority were false.
Native - Americans

California's Native Population - Past and Present
Pre 1542 - 300,000
1845 - 150,000
1850 - 50,000
1870 - 30,000
1900 - 15,377
2000 - 308,571
Native - Americans

California's Native Population - Past and Present
- Disease and Mistreatment
CA's Native-American population decreased dramatically after the U.S. conquest.

**60% of the decline resulted from disease **

Unfortunately "legalized and subsidized murder" was also involved
Presently, many Native Americans have made CA home.
Culture during Early Statehood

Early American California's culture was "peculiarly rough and boisterous," young and male
but NOT completely crude and primitive.
Culture During Early Statehood

Banditry
Was common - Wells Fargo Co. Stages were targets

- 147 offices in gold country
- 313 robberies
Culture During Early Statehood

Banditry
- Joaquin Murieta
Legendary superbandit killed by EX-TX ranger Harry Love

Lots of robberies attributed to him, for which he probably never did.
Culture During Early Statehood

Banditry
- Tiburcio Vasquez
20 years S. CA crime career before hanging

Vasquez Rocks - hideout named for bandits
Culture During Early Statehood

Banditry
- Black Bart
Robbed 27 or 28 stages between 1875 - 1883

Left Poetry behind.
Culture During Early Statehood

Culture
- Californians with money wanted news, entertainment and churches
1. Newspapers and magazines in 1st 10 years, 132 periodicals began in SF alone.

2. by 1852, San Francisco alone had 30 worship places - Protestant, Roman Catholic, Jewish, Gold Rush evangelism - William taylor

3. Education - public education lagged behind church - related education

4. Theaters and Entertainment
Loretta Crabtree - America's highest paid entertainer
Culture During Early Statehood

Writers of the 1850's
Dame Shirley (aka Louise Amelia Knapp Smith clappe)
-Wike of MD who toured mining camps
- Her 23 letters to her sister comprised the best account of the rough life of mining camps
Culture During Early Statehood

Writers of the 1850's
Bret Hart
Came to CA at 17 in 1854
Condemned massacre of Indians
Editor and writer especially sentimental mining stories
Culture During Early Statehood

Writers of the 1850's
Mark Twain
Visited CA after NV mines
Wrote jumping frog story
Reporter for Alta, CA
Roughing It - Alta send him to Europe
Culture During Early Statehood

Writers of the 1850's
Cincinnatus "Joaquin" Miller
After reading poem about bandit Joaquin Murieta, began using name

Flashy style got publicity

Famous poem about Columbus
Culture During Early Statehood

Blacks
-African Americans Comprised only about
1% of CA's population in the late 1850's

- 1.8% in 1940
- 4.3% in 1950
+- 7.7% since 1980 (with the greatest 21st century growth in suburbs)
Culture During Early Statehood

Blacks
-Combating discimination
1. Right to testify in court won 1863
- Chinese and Indians got right (1872)

2. Suffrage gained via Reconstruction

3. Substantial progress in gaining equal rights came via the Civil Rights movement of the 1950's an 60's
Culture During Early Statehood

Blacks
-Biddy Mason - Case study in success
- Born a slave: brought to CA in 1851 by Robert Smith a mormon
- Biddy got help from L.A. sheriff and judge to gain freedom 1856
-Worked as mid-wife and nurse in L.A.
-1866 purchased 1st house and land w/$250
-With $ from many land deals, helped found 1st African-Am. Church in L.A. ran prison ministry, helped orphans
-Biddy's slogan: "the open hand is blessed, for it gives in abundance even as it receives"
Culture During Early Statehood

Blacks
-Urban life - disproportional #'s of CA blacks have traditionally lived in cities
1. Residential mixing - Blacks in CA traditionally lived in mixed neighborhoods - often with other minority group members until..

2. WWII migrations in 1940's brought large #'s of African-Americans to CA cities when racially segregated ghettos first appeared
Transportation & 1st Transcontinental Railroad

Population Growth - California's Rapid population growth necessitated the improvement if its
Transportation System
Transportation & 1st Transcontinental Railroad

Population Growth
-U.S. Ca's birthrate - initially lower than death rate, but the population grew. Why?
Gold Rush Immigration

Stats for Non-indians
1848 - 15,000
1852 - 225,000
1860 - 380,000
1870 - 560,000
Transportation & 1st Transcontinental Railroad

Transportation before the railroad
- Paddlewheel steamers were important on inland rivers
- Manufacturing wagons and carriages were made by - Phineas Banning of Wilmington and John Studebaker of Placerville
Transportation & 1st Transcontinental Railroad

Transportation before the railroad
- Ben Holladay
- Earned money supplying Stephen Kearny's Army in U.S. - Mexican War
- 1852 came to CA, eventually coordinated 2670 +- miles of stagecoach lines in CA.
- Introduced excellent "Concord Coaches"
- 1862 bought out Pony Express and the Pony Express companies
- 1866 sold out to Wells, Fargo
Transportation & 1st Transcontinental Railroad

Transportation before the railroad
- Henry Wells, William Fargo & Co
- Famous for Stage Coach lines
- 1852-1857 transported $58 million in gold to San Francisco
- Eventually bought out competitors
- Expanded in banking and Finance
Transportation & 1st Transcontinental Railroad

Transportation before the railroad
- John Butterfield Overland Express Co.
- 1st regular passenger service
- Won bid to carry U.S. mail
- Stats
- Invested one million $
- Employed 1000
- 28000 Miles, Missouri to San Fran
- 24 Days, 18 hours, 26 minutes
-$20 fare
Transportation & 1st Transcontinental Railroad

Transportation before the railroad
- Pony Express
- 1858 experiment - 17 day rider relay of pres. Buchanan's message to Sacramento
- Recruiting - needed 80 riders
- Stats
- $5/oz
- 9 days, 23 hours
- 190 stations, 400 horses, 30 miles / rider
-1966 mi - St. Joseph, MO to Sacramento
- Demonstrated feasibility of central route
- in 1861, the telegraph made pony express obsolete
Transportation & 1st Transcontinental Railroad

Transcontinental Railroad
- Dreams and Obstacles
- Theodore Judah
Construction Engineer dreamed of building a great railroad

San Francisco bankers tired of "Crazy Judah"
Transportation & 1st Transcontinental Railroad

Transcontinental Railroad
- Dreams and Obstacles
- Sectional bitterness back east
Southerners wanted a southern route, Northerners wanted a norther route.
Transportation & 1st Transcontinental Railroad

Transcontinental Railroad
- Dreams and Obstacles
- National govt policies
1855 Study showed 5 possible routes
1862 Authorization - why possible then?
Transportation & 1st Transcontinental Railroad

Transcontinental Railroad
- The Big Four
- Motives
Judah's failure in San Francisco - focused on lofty ideals

Success in sacramento - emphasized profits
Transportation & 1st Transcontinental Railroad

Transcontinental Railroad
- The Big Four
- Men
Collis Huntington - Became VP of Central Pacific Co. (Later Southern Pacific)

Leland Stanford - President of Co. But loved politics (governor later)

Charles Crocker - Supervised RR construction

Mark Hopkins - treasurer
Transportation & 1st Transcontinental Railroad

Transcontinental Railroad
- The Big Four
- Money
Assets = $100,000
Investment = $15,000
Ultimate Returns = $200 million
Transportation & 1st Transcontinental Railroad

Transcontinental Railroad
- The Big Four
- Manupulation
Political - Judah as lobbyist
Moving mountains on maps
RR companies created time zone concept
Transportation & 1st Transcontinental Railroad

Transcontinental Railroad
- Building the Railroad
- Chinese laborers
Skepticism
Crocker's experiment
15,000 overall, 10,000 at peak at once
Nicknames - Crockers pets, celestials, and cookies
Transportation & 1st Transcontinental Railroad

Transcontinental Railroad
- Building the Railroad
- Problems
Indians, Mountains, Weather, Partnership
Transportation & 1st Transcontinental Railroad

Transcontinental Railroad
- Building the Railroad
- Race
Union Pacific route was easier
Competition for govt goodies
Transportation & 1st Transcontinental Railroad

Transcontinental Railroad
- Building the Railroad
- Promontory Point, Utah
May 10, 1869
Two lines met 1086 miles from Omaha, 689 miles from sacramento

Exactly one century after 1st spanish settlement 100 years later
The Terrible Seventies & a new Constitution

- Economic Ups and Downs
- Comstock lode in Nevada
World's Richest Deposits of Silver
The Terrible Seventies & a new Constitution

- Economic Ups and Downs
- Comstock lode in Nevada

First Boom CA capital and Workers =
"fifty niners" drained CA of capital needed to deal with depression, which worsened in CA
The Terrible Seventies & a new Constitution

- Economic Ups and Downs
- Comstock lode in Nevada

First Boom
- Old Pancake Henry Comstock
False Claim, but gave name to Comstock mine.
The Terrible Seventies & a new Constitution

- Economic Ups and Downs
- Comstock lode in Nevada

First Boom
- James Fennimore
VA City, named Virginia City
The Terrible Seventies & a new Constitution

- Economic Ups and Downs
- Comstock lode in Nevada

First Boom
- William Ralston's ring
"Kings of the Comstock" - CA bankers led by Bank of CA since 1864
The Terrible Seventies & a new Constitution

- Economic Ups and Downs
- Comstock lode in Nevada

Second Boom
- "Irish Four" hit bonanza
James Fair one of Irish Four, silver kings 1843, immigrated, 1849 gold rush, 1859 partnership
The Terrible Seventies & a new Constitution

- Economic Ups and Downs
- Comstock lode in Nevada

Second Boom
- "Lucky" Baldwin sold to Ralston
The orphir mine, Ralston believed it an error, resigned, and took a fatal swim.
The Terrible Seventies & a new Constitution

- Economic Ups and Downs
- Comstock lode in Nevada

Second Boom
- Adolph Sutro's tunnel
Was 4 miles long underneath Virginia City.
The Terrible Seventies & a new Constitution

- Depression
The -RR did NOT bring prosperity

- Overspeculation in Real estate

-Unemployment - 10,000 Chinese RR workers were laid off.

- National Panic 1873 - National economic downturn
The Terrible Seventies & a new Constitution

- Railroad Monopoly
- The "Octopus"
- Other railroads were bought out
- Shipping - SP gained control

- Political Corruption
- Powerful "political machine" corrupted politics
-Pervaded all levels of government in both parties
The Terrible Seventies & a new Constitution

- Land Ownership
-Miller and Lux
Got 1 Million acres
The Terrible Seventies & a new Constitution

- Land Ownership
-Southern Pacific
Was the biggest landowner in the state w/11.6 million acres

-Federal grants

- Battle of Mussel Slough
The Terrible Seventies & a new Constitution

- Social & Political Turmoil
-Chinese Scapegoats
- Burlingame Treaty 1868 had encouraged Chinese immigration

- Unemployment aggravated racial tension, chinese were often stereotyped (along with other minority groups)
The Terrible Seventies & a new Constitution

- Social & Political Turmoil
-"The Chinese Must Go!"
Dennis Kearney led the WPC

(Almost) - Vigilantes were stopped
The Terrible Seventies & a new Constitution

- Social & Political Turmoil
-Workingmen's Party Of California (WPC)

Emerged Because of....
Anti-Chinese scapegoating and unemployment

Tried to unite white urban workers
- 8 hour day
- Better public schools
- Regulation of banks
- Anti-monopoly
- Served as a bridge to more stable and popular labor unions later
Railroad Politics

Basic Reality:
The Southern Pacific RR was the state's largest landowner, largest employer, and had the greatest accumulation of wealth
Railroad Politics

The Emerging Corporate State
- Gilded Age politics and Economics
General Atmosphere - political corruption at all levels e.g. Grant-era

1870 to 1910, the biggest influence in CA politics was the Southern Pacific RR it was often a corrupting influence on both parties at all levels.

The SP enjoyed a high degree of freedom from competition, but it was not all powerful
Railroad Politics

The Emerging Corporate State
- Southern Pacific Railroad's Political Goals
The SP used a powerful political machine

Machine bosses manipulated a network of people to protect the RR interest

The SP began losing conflicts after problems damaged its reputation and when, the national govt, was involved.
Railroad Politics

The Southern Pacific's Decline
- Colton Letters
SP political manager David Colton died. When his widow sued the SP, her lawyers publicized letters that proved vote buying had occurred in Sacramento
Railroad Politics

The Southern Pacific's Decline
- "Dear Pard" Letters
RR Pres, Stanford and VP Huntington publicly feuded, so more public letters charged political corruption
Railroad Politics

The Southern Pacific's Decline
- L.A. Free Harbor Fight
L.A. Leaders wanted harbor facilities free from SP control.

Congress intervened: Army engineers to decide - favored LA/Long Beach
Railroad Politics

The Southern Pacific's Decline
- Funding Bill
Central Pacific had borrowed $28 million

Huntington proposed reducing interest from 6% to .5 of 1% over longer time.

Wm. Randolph Hearst fought the RR with powerful weapons: words

Congress voted down this bill and required SP to pay within 10 years
Railroad Politics

Turn-of-the-Century Reformers
The populist Party emerged early during the depression of the 1890's to challenge corporate dominated laissez-faire policies

By 1898 and during the next two decades, Progressives in both the Democratic and Republican parties adopted and adapted the populist reform agenda