• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/38

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

38 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Hypodescent
A rule that automatically places the children of a union or mating between members of different socioeconomic groups in the less privileged group.
Phenotype
An organisms evident traits, its "manifest biology"- physiology and anatomy, including skin color, hair form, facial features.
Plural Society
A SOCIETY THAT COMBINES ETHNIC CONTRASTS, ECOLOGICAL SPECIALIZATION (I.E USE OF DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES BY EACH ETHNIC GROUP), AND THE ECONOMIC INTERDEPENDENCE OF THOSE GROUPS. IN BARTH’S VIEW, ETHNIC BOUNDARIES ARE MOST STABLE WHEN THE GROUPS MAKE THEIR LIVING IN DIFFERENT WAYS AND DON’T COMPETE
Cultural Colonialism
within a nation, or empire-internal domination-
WITHIN A NATION OR EMPIRE, DOMINATION BY ONE ETHNIC GROUP OR NATIONALITY AND ITS CULTURE/IDEOLOGY OVER OTHERS-E.G. THE DOMINANCE OF RUSSIAN PEOPLE, LANGUAGE, AND CULTURE IN THE FORMER SOVIET UNION
Overinnovation
CHARACTERISTIC OF DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS THAT REQUIRE MAJOR CHANGES IN PEOPLE’S DAILY LIVES, ESPECIALLY SUBSISTENCE PURSUITS.
Underdifferentiation
PLANNING FALLACY of viewing less developed countries as an undifferentiated group;IGNORING CULTURAL DIVERSITY AND ADOPTING A UNIFORM APROACH (OFTEN ETHNOCENTRIC) FOR VERY DIFFERENT TYPES OF PROJECT BENEFICIARIES.
Disease vs. Illness
-DISEASE: an Etic or scientifically identified health threat caused by a bacterium, virus, fungus, parasite, or other pathogen.
-ILLNESS: an Emic condition of poor health felt by individual.
Curer
SPECIALIZED ROLE ACQUIRED THROUGH A CULTURALLY APPROPRIATE PROCESS OF SELECTION, TRAINING, CERTIFICATION, AND ACQUISITION OF A PROFESSIONAL IMAGE; THE CURER IS CONSULTED BY PATIENTS, WHO BELIEVE IN HIS OR HER SPECIAL POWERS, AND RECIEIVES SOME FORM OF SPECIAL CONSIDERATION; A CULTURAL UNIVERSAL
(Often a Shaman that emerges through a culturally defined process of selection/training, EVENTUALLY CERTIFIED BY OLDER PRACTITIONERS)
Scientific Medicine vs. Western
SCIENTIFIC MEDICINE- As distinguished from Western Medicine, a health-care system based on scientific knowledge and procedures, encompassing such fields as pathology, microbiology, biochemistry, surgery, diagnostic technology, and applications.
WESTERN MEDICINE: Despite advantages in technology, genomics, molecular biology, pathology, surgery, diagnostics and applications many Western Medical procedures have little justification in logic or fact. Overprescription of drugs, unnecessary surgery, and the impersonality and inequality of the physical-patient relationship are questionable features of Western Medicine.
Westernization
The acculturative influence of Western expansion on native cultures
Cultural Imperialism
The rapid spread of advance of one culture at the expense of others, or its imposition on other cultures, which it modifies, replaces, or destroys- usually because of differential economic or political influence.
Indigenized Forces
MODIFIED TO FIT THE LOCAL CULTURE.
(When forces from world centers enter new societies they are indigenized- changed to fit the local culture. This is true of cultural forces as different as fast food, music, housing styles, science, terrorism, celebrations, science, & political ideas & institutions)
Diaspora
THE OFFSPRING OF AN AREA WHO HAVE SPREAD TO MANY LANDS. (People in motion- moving from rural to urban or vice versa and into other areas and across National boundaries)
Postmodernism
A style and movement in architecture that succeeded modernism. COmpared with modernism, postmodernism is less geometric, less functional, less austere, more playful, and more willing to include elements from diverse times and cultures; postmodern now describes comparable developments in music, literature, visual art, and anthropology.

Postmodern: In its most general sense, describes the blurring and breakdown of established canonic (rules, standards), categories, distinctions, and boundaries.


Postmodernity: Condition of a world in flux, with people on the move, in which established groups, boundaries, identities, contrasts, and standards are reaching out and breaking down.
Mule
THE MULE (SINGULAR MULO) ARE THE GHOSTS OF THE DEAD, AND BELIEFS SURROUNDING THEIR DANGER AND POWER ARE PERVASIVE ACROS ROMANI GROUPS. THEY MAY RETURN FOR A VARIETY OF REASONS; THE WARN OF IMPENDING DANGER, TO SETTLE A SCORE WITH SOMEONE, TO EXPRESS DISAPPROVAL OF BEHAVIOR OF FAMILY MEMBERS, OR CAUSE THEY MISS SOMEONE. CAN ASSUME NUMEROUS FORMS – FROM HUMANS TO ANIMALS TO BUTTERFLIES – THEY NEVER REVEAL THEIR FACES. THEY CAN ALSO LEAVE SIGNS SUCH AS PAW PRINTS. THEY ONLY WALK/MOVE SIDEWAYS.
The Aumaga
a working cooperative made of those who are untitled (titles= chiefs & talking chiefs) They are sometimes called "the strength of the village because they're truly the labor core of the entire community.(They build houses, repair roads, plant and harvest gardens, fish, have ceremonial roles (to hope Cheifs), cook & serve food at ceremonies. Thought of as informal keepers of peace
The Kulama
A Yam ceremony, part of the initiation into Tiwi adulthood. Heald each year at the end of the rainy season, and resident of a particular locale take part in the ceremony each year passing through a series of names statuses. INitated adults also participate to assure their own good health and that of their children. The ritual spans several days, beginning with doffing up the kulama yam, a type not ordinarily consumed. Yams symbolize reproduction and health and are cooked and eaten by participants, after which they achieve Kulama status.
The Most Serious Point of Divergence Between Malinowski’s and Wiener’s Research
Weiner recognized the importance of women's economic role in the Trobriand, while Malinowski focused more on the importance of a woman's reproductive role.
Hekura Spirits
Spirits that harm a person and cause illness by consuming a portion of his or her soul, usually at the behest of someone from an enemy village. It is the charge of the shaman to call upon his own powerful Hekura to counterattack, thus curing the sick.
Globalization
a broad phenomenon, encompassing a series of processes, including diffusion, acculturation/ assimilation and migration. It promotes change in a world in which nations and individuals are increasingly interlinked and interdependent. Promoting such linkages are economic and political forces, as well as modern systems of transportation and communication
International Alliances
Today international alliances are focused on trade and economic issues. New economic pacts, which have met with considerable resistance in their member ntions, have been established through the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the World Trade Organization (WTO), and the European Union (EU). This represents a change from the COld war years, when international relations were political, ideological, and military in nature.
Patagonia Dam project
environmental groups filed a petition against the scheme, saying it will wreak havoc in the regions unspoiled wilderness.
protests of "patagonia without dams" by 60% of residents, they don't want to leave a footprint and want more natural energy (windmills, etc.)
-$3.2 billion complex of dams that would have flooded 12,500 acres of pristine territory (popular ecotourism destination) in the bio diverse Patagonia, Chile. The 5 dams would increase Chiles electricity capacity by 15%, energy for the copper mines.
Nationalities
Ethnic groups that once had, ow wish to have or regain, autonomous political status (their own country).
International Communication
The price has gone down so that most households have IDD telephone lines & people w/ computers and cell phones can use free services of Skype.
internet- most people use computers for communication via email or instant messaging (high speed cable/ DSL internet lines are available.
social networking-mostly young people communicate with family/friends via networking sercives as facebook/twitter
The mass media-promotes a rapid spread of global culture of consumption within nations and across borders spreading info about products, services, rights, institutions...etc.
Local people- have to cope with forces generated by progressively larger systems-Armies of outsiders intrude on people everywhere. Tourism= #1 industry. Foreign development agents and the media promote the idea that work should be for cash rather than mainly subsistence.
Indigenous peoples/traditional societies have devised strategies to cope with threats to their autonomy, identity, and livelihood.New forms of political mobilization and cultural expression, including such movements as human rights, cultural rights, and intellectual property rights (IPR), have emerged from the interplay of local, regional, national, and international forces. Ex. Patagonia protest
Franz Boas’s Study of Irish Immigrants in Boston
Race was not immutable
Scientific racism-showed the size of the brain was smaller for first immigrants, by the second generation the immigrants were the same size or larger craniums- environment, nutrition, and health care-their small heads came from potato famine- not from being dumb.

Franz Boas’s Study of Irish Immigrants in Boston To more enlightened scholars, these ideas became known as “scientific racism.”
Boas boldly argued against assumptions of innate racial inferiority; insisting that culture, not nature, explained differences among the people of the world.
because of potato famine in Ireland they were malnourished, head grew larger when they moved to Boston and became healthier, but scientific belief in Spencers Social Darwiniam
Arthur Jenson
an educational psychologist who argued in the 1960s that differences in I.Q. scores between whites and blacks were genetically based and could never be eliminated by education. (scientific racism)
These ideas resurfaced in 1994 in the form of The Bell Jar, written by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray. The scientific community has overwhelmingly rejected these findings.
“I Have a Dream”
But the most pernicious result of cultural race is racism, the attempt to discriminate against a group based on race, or to ignore individual differences/achievements among people different from yourself and lump them all together as inferior.
It was his attempt to eliminate racism. Today, this has gone from dream to reality in the election of Barack Obama as president.
Example: Black Harvard professor driving through the south to visit his family. Nice, new car. Impeccably dressed. White cop pulls him over and addresses him as “Boy.” This is what Dr. Martin Luther King had in mind when he gave his famous “I Have a Dream” speech on August 28, 1963 at the Lincoln Memorial in front of 250,000 people:
Primordial vs. Situational Ethnicity
Primordial Ethnicity: innate sense of ethnic identity. Born with heritage, you be changed.(Natural instinct to favor ones kin) Ethnicity that is asserted regardless of the situation, impossible to change. (Essentialist)

Situational Ethnicity: Ethnic identity is a socially defined phenomena that changes according to social situation. (ex. Chinese owner of shop in Indian neighborhood speaks Indian) Alter ethnicity to be malleable, flexible to circumstances. (Constructionist)
“Ethnic Asymmetry” in the Leadership of Los Angeles
if white mayor, Latino or black chief & vice versa- a continuing shift in leadership positions with people of different races occupying positions- Mayor and police chief must be different races.-ending result of conflict-1992 ethnic violence in LA county.
Long term-economic recession, competition among urban poor over increasingly scarce resources; provocative police chief (gates), abusive police; hatred of those more prosperous (Korean Store owners in particular and all owners in general)
Effects- "broom consciousness" to rebuild LA (racially mixed volunteers came together with brooms, shovels) through economic empowerment zones, change in local gov't, incorporated Black chiefs WIlliams/Parks, building Korean-blacks alliance through training.
Video- Race: The Power of an Illusion
Cold Spring Harbor DNA Workshop
showed greater DNA similarities among different races, students were able to find matches from around the world, proves skin color/exterior markers are bad basis for genetics. Students of same "race" were more genetically different than they thought.
Video- Race: The Power of an Illusion
Penguins, Fruit Flies, Chimpanzees, and Humans
Penguins and fruit flies have greater differences between members of their species than do humans. Penguins have twice as much different, fruit flies have ten times as much difference, differences between two fruit flies is the same as between a human and a chimpanzee.
Video- Race: The Power of an Illusion
Racial Fog
WE inherit race. Race is socially real due to societies opinions-if equal opportunity for everyone, if playing on a level field, race would disappear. We inherit money. Playing field is not level.

(confusion of social race with biological race; using difference in appearance to explain racial inequality?)
Academic vs. Applied Anthropology
Academic Anthropology: pursues knowledge for its own sake, an end in itself.
Applied Anthropology: uses knowledge to help solve community problems. Complex related research based instrumental methods that produce change/stability in specific cultural system. Use of anthropological data, perspectives, theory, and method to id, assess, and solve contemporary problems involving human behavior and social/cultural forces.
The three products of Applied Anthropology
Information/data
action
adresses policy
The Various types of Applied Anthropology
Buisiness Anthropology
Medical anthropology (most popular)
Legal anthropology
educational anthropology
Developmental Anthropology (most popular internationally)
Cultural Brokerage
The new research methods of applied anthropology
New methods= time effective/quick and dirty both Depth of coverage and Breadth of coverage factors
Focus-Group Research: paid. small group of people (up to 50) in a room. They were taped with recorded audio. Break into smaller groups.(Get info in a day that would normally take a long time)
Rapid Appraisal Research: 2 weeks at the most in a team, interview people and write report
Stepwise Research: 3 weeks-month, Qualitative, ethnographic interviewing, look at that data to concoct a quantitative survey- smaller sample, how they fit in a larger area, based on the survey they do more participant observation, then more surveys, write up a report at the end (would take one researcher a year, but a team can do it in a month)
Participatory Research: Anthropologists train local people to take charge of the project then leave.
FIlm clip: House of the Spirit: Perspectives on Cambodian Health Care
What Most Khmer Want When They VIsit the Doctor
Medicine
immediate diagnosis
Video: Anthropologists at Work
Michael L. Blakey: Physical anthropologist- studied African Burial ground in lower Manhattan, he looked at the skeletal remains-studied the bodies of the dead (helped with health/human studies) Physiologist. African professor at Howard University, biology of a person can be uncovered through understanding the diseases and injuries incurred by the body.

Elizabth K. Biody: cultural anthropologist (industrial), Conducted on General Motors employees, taught management about blaming among workers in the factor to help improve their environment.

Robert Trotter II: Medical anthropologist who worked with the Multicultural AIDS prevention Project to provide clean needles for drug users in N. arizona (to slow the aids epidemic) AIDS outreach in Flagstaff