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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What charge does a nucleus have and why? |
Positive charge because contains neutrons and protons - protons have positive charge and neutrons are neutral
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What is the relative mass of an electron?
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0.0005
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In a neutral atom, the number of protons equals
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The number of electrons
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What are the state symbols?
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Solid - s
Liquid - l Gas - g Dissolved in water - aq |
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What flame does lithium produce?
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A red flame
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What flame does sodium produce?
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A yellow/orange flame
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What flame does potassium produce?
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A lilac flame
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What is spectroscopy?
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Producing line spectrums
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How are line spectrums produced?
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When heated, electrons in an atom are excited and release energy as light - the wavelengths of the light emitted are recorded as a line spectrum
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Why do different elements make different lights?
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Because they produce different wavelengths of light because of different electron arrangements meaning each element has a different pattern
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What elements have been discovered by spectroscopy?
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Caesium
Rubidium |
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What did Döbereiner do?
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Put the elements into triads (groups of three) where the middle element had a relative atomic mass that was the average of the other two in the group
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What did Newlands do?
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He noticed that elements in order of relative atomic mass, every eighth had similar properties and so put the elements into rows of seven called Newlands' Octaves but it broke down on the third row because of transition metals
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What was the opposition to Newlands' Law of Octaves?
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He hadn't left any gaps
His groups contained elements that didn't have similar properties He mixed up metals and non-metals |
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Who created the periodic table?
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Dmitri Mendeleev
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How did Mendeleev discover the periodic table?
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He put elements in atomic mass like Newlands but left gaps to keep elements with similar properties in vertical groups and left very big gaps between the first two rows until the transition metals came in on the third row
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What convinced people that Mendeleev was correct?
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He could predict the properties of undiscovered elements and, when discovered, they fitted this very well
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What is the period table laid out in?
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In order of increasing proton number
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What are vertical columns and what do they tell you?
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Groups that tell you how many electrons are on their outer shell
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What are horizontal rows and what do they tell you?
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Periods and each one represents another full shell of electrons
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How many electrons are allowed on each shell?
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1st shell - 2
2nd shell - 8 3rd shell - 8 |
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What does an atom without a full outer shell want to do?
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React and make it full
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What does an elements electron arrangement determine?
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It's chemical properties
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What is an ion?
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A charged atom that has lost or gained electrons
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When a group 1 element loses an electron what does it form?
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A positive ion
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When a group 7 element gains an electron what do they form?
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Negative ions
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Why are group 1 and 7 elements strongly attracted to each other?
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Because they're oppositely charged ions (once they've exchanged electrons)
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+ Add a hint
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What type of bond happens between two oppositely charged ions?
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An ionic bond
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+ Add a hint
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What are compounds formed between group 1 and 7 called?
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Ionic compounds
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+ Add a hint
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What are solid ionic compounds made up of?
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A giant lattice of ions
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+ Add a hint
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What does each lattice form?
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A single crystal
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+ Add a hint
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Can ionic compounds conduct electricity?
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Yes when molten or an aqueous solution because the ions are able to move
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+ Add a hint
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In compounds, the total charge must always add up to what?
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Zero
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+ Add a hint
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What is the name of group 1?
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The alkali metals
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What are alkali metals like when they're freshly cut?
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Shiny but quickly react with the oxygen in moist air and tarnish
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What happens as you go down group 1?
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They become more reactive
They have a higher density (since they have more mass) They have a lower melting point They have a lower boiling point |
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Why so alkali metals become more reactive a you go down group 1?
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Because the outer electron is more easily lost since it's further from the nucleus and so more likely to react
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What elements react vigorously when put in water?
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Lithium
Sodium Potassium |
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What is fluorine like at room temperature?
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A very reactive, poisonous yellow gas
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What is bromine like at room temperature?
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A dense poisonous orange volatile liquid and forms an orange gas
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What is iodine like at room temperature?
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A dark grey crystalline solid or a purple vapour
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What does this (top) hazard symbol mean? And an example?
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Oxidising
Provides oxygen which allows other materials to burn more fiercely Liquid oxygen |
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What does this hazard symbol mean? An example?
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Corrosive
Attacks and destroys living tissues Concentrated sulfuric acid |
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How are alkali metals stored and why?
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In oil because they're really reactive and can combust spontaneously - if they come into contact with water vapour in air there can be a violent reaction
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How are halogens stored and why?
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In a fume cupboard because halogens have poisonous vapours that irritate the respiratory system and the eyes
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What happens when an alkali metal is added to cold water?
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It fizzes furiously
It produces hydrogen A hydroxide of the metal is made |
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The more violent the reaction of an alkali metal in water
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The more reactive the alkali metal is
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What happens when alkali metals react with chlorine?
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Colourless crystalline salts are made (e.g lithium chloride, sodium chloride)
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What does this hazard symbol mean? And an example? |
Oxidising |
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What does this hazard symbol mean? An example? |
Corrosive |
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What does this hazard symbol mean? An example? |
Irritant Not corrosive but will make the skin red or blister School solutions |
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What happens as you go down group 7?
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They become less reactive
They have a higher melting point They have a higher boiling point |
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Why do halogens become less reactive as you go down group 7?
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Because the additional outer electrons are attracted to the nucleus less strongly because they are further away
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