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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What does the rate of reaction measure? |
How much product is formed in a fixed period of time |
Product |
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How do reactions start and end? |
Fast at the start and then slow down as the reactants are used up |
Fast n slow |
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how to calculate the gradient of a graph |
y/x = gradient |
y and x |
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What is a limiting reactant? |
Is the reactant not in excess that gets used up by the end of the reaction |
End of reaction |
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The amount of product formed in a reaction is what? |
Directly proportional to the amount of limiting reactant used. |
Reactant used |
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How do reactions occur? |
When particles collide together. |
Particles |
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How do reactions occur? |
When particles collide together. |
Particles |
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What does the rate of reaction depend on? |
Number of Collisions between the reacting particles: the higher the number of collisions that takes place, the faster the reaction. |
Particles |
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How do reactions occur? |
When particles collide together. |
Particles |
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What does the rate of reaction depend on? |
Number of Collisions between the reacting particles: the higher the number of collisions that takes place, the faster the reaction. |
Particles |
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How can you increase the rate of reaction? |
Increasing the temperature, concentration, pressure and by using a catalyst. |
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How can you increase the rate of reaction? |
Increasing the temperature, concentration, pressure and by using a catalyst. |
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How can you increase the rate of reaction? |
Increasing the temperature, concentration, pressure and by using a catalyst. |
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How does increasing the temperature increase the rate of reaction? |
Increasing the temperature gives the particles more kinetic energy, so they move around more quickly, so more frequent collisions occur, increasing the amount of successful collisions, increasing the rate of reaction. |
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How does increasing the temperature increase the rate of reaction? |
Increasing the temperature gives the particles more kinetic energy, so they move around more quickly, so more frequent collisions occur, increasing the amount of successful collisions, increasing the rate of reaction. |
Kinetic energy ect. |
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How does increasing the concentration increase the rate of reaction? |
As the concentration increases the particles get closer together and more crowded. increasing the frequency of collisions, increasing the amount of successful collisions, increasing the rate of reaction. |
crowded ect. |
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How does increasing the pressure increase the rate of reaction? |
Increasing the pressure forces the particles to get closer, increasing the frequency of collisions, increasing the amount of successful collisions, increasing the rate of reaction. |
Closer ect. |
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How does increasing the pressure increase the rate of reaction? |
Increasing the pressure in gases forces the particles to get closer together, increasing the frequency of collisions, increasing the amount of successful collisions, increasing the rate of reaction. |
Closer ect. |
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How does using a catalyst increase the rate of reaction? |
A catalyst lowers the activation energy of the particles. Increasing the rate of reaction. |
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How does increasing the surface area increase the rate of reaction? |
Increasing the surface area makes the surfaces if the particles more exposed, so more collisions are possible, increasing the amount of successful collisions, increasing the rate of reaction. |
Particles |
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How to find the relative formula mass? |
1. Work out the masses inside of the bracket 2. Multiply the total by the number outside the bracket 3. Work out the remaining number 4. Add the totals from step 2 & 3 to find relative formula mass.
Example calcium nitrate Ca(NO3)2 1. 14 + (16x3) = 62 2. 62x2 = 124 3. 40 = 40 4. = 164 |
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What is conservation of mass? |
Total mass of the reactants equals the total mass of the products. |
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How to calculate the percentage yield and why industrial processes need a high percentage? |
Percentage Yield = Actual yield/predicted yield x100
-reduce cost -reduce amount of waste |
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How to work out the atom economy and why industry's want it as high as possible? |
Atom economy = Mr of desired products/sum of Mr of all products x100
-reduce waste product -make it more sustainable -make it greener |
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How to work out the atom economy and why industry's want it as high as possible? |
Atom economy = Mr of desired products/sum of Mr of all products x100
-reduce waste product -make it more sustainable -make it greener |
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What is an endothermic process? |
Bond Breaking |
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How to work out the atom economy and why industry's want it as high as possible? |
Atom economy = Mr of desired products/sum of Mr of all products x100
-reduce waste product -make it more sustainable -make it greener |
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What is an endothermic process? |
If more energy is needed than released it's bond breaking |
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What is an exothermic process? |
If more energy is released than needed it's bond making |
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How to calculate the energy transfer? |
Energy transferred (J) = m x c x ^T or Energy transferred (J) = mass x shc x temp change |
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How to calculate energy per gram? |
Energy per gram = energy released (J) /mass of fuel burnt (g) |
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Advantages of continuous processing? |
- makes large amount of the product 24/7 - minimum labour cost making product cheaper - less energy to maintain - |
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Disadvantages of continuous processing? |
- process is inefficient if not constant use - expensive to set up |
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Advantages of batch processing? |
- makes a fixed amount - allows batches to be made n stored until needed - easy to make a new batch when needed - easy to change production to different product |
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Advantages of batch processing? |
- makes a fixed amount - allows batches to be made n stored until needed - easy to make a new batch when needed - easy to change production to different product |
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Disadvantages of batch processing? |
- each batch must be supervised so labour is very costly - time needed for cleaning |
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Why are medicines so expensive? |
- takes about 10 years to develop - compound needed to be made before use - raw materials are costly and rare
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Why are medicines so expensive? |
- takes about 10 years to develop - compound needed to be made before use - raw materials are costly and rare
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What do diamond and graphite have in common? |
- They are both giant covalent structures of carbon atoms. |
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Why are medicines so expensive? |
- takes about 10 years to develop - compound needed to be made before use - raw materials are costly and rare
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What do diamond and graphite have in common? |
- They are both giant covalent structures of carbon atoms. |
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Properties of diamond |
- hardest natural substance - high melting point - boiling point |
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Why are medicines so expensive? |
- takes about 10 years to develop - compound needed to be made before use - raw materials are costly and rare
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What do diamond and graphite have in common? |
- They are both giant covalent structures of carbon atoms and they are fullerenes are allotropes of carbon. |
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Properties of diamond |
- hardest natural substance - high melting point - boiling point - sting covalent bonds - can't conduct electricity |
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Properties of graphite |
- high melting point - high boiling point - layers slide over each other - sting covalent bonds - good conductor of electricity
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What is graphite used in? |
- pencils - lubricant |
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Why is graphite used in lubricants? |
When force is applied, the weak forces between layers slide over each other; this slippery nature makes an ideal high temperature lubricant. |
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