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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Example of a finite resource? |
Fossil fuels |
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Another word for non-renewable? |
Finite |
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What is a hydrocarbon made of? |
Hydrogen and carbon |
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Order of hydrocarbons to leave the fractional distillation from first to last? |
LPG Petrol Paraffin Diesel Heating Oil Fuel Oils Bitumen |
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How does fractional distillation work? |
The chamber is cooler at the top so when it's heated, the hydrocarbons with lower boiling points exit through the top first. Because of the different strengths of intermolecular bonds, it varies the time to boil and leave. Bitumen is too strong and doesn't leave. |
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What strength of bond do small molecules have? |
Weak |
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Problems extracting crude oil? |
-Political problems, UK is dependant on oil from unstable countries. |
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What produces more pollution: coal or petrol? |
Coal |
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Why is the use of Fossil Fuels increasing? |
The population is increasing |
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What time-scale has the government planned to reduce emissions in? |
15-20 years |
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What does methane + oxygen produce when burned? |
Lots of Carbon Dioxide and water. |
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Methane + oxygen= ? |
C02 and water |
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How do you test for carbon dioxide? |
Lime water. |
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What conditions can complete combustion take place in? |
Plenty of oxygen. |
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What is made during incomplete combustion? |
Carbon Monoxide and soot (carbon) |
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Equation for complete combustion? |
fuel + oxygen= carbon dioxide + water |
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Equations for incomplete combustion? |
fuel + oxygen= carbon dioxide + water fuel + oxygen= carbon + water |
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What is clean air composed of? |
78% nitrogen 21% oxygen 0.035% Carbon Dioxide |
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Why has the percentage of carbon dioxide increased over the past centuries? |
-Deforestation -Increased population |
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What formed the original atmosphere? |
Gases escaping from the interior of the earth |
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Gases being released from volcanoes is called..? |
Degassing. |
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How were the oceans formed? |
Vapours from the air condensed. |
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What problems does pollution cause? |
-Sulphur dioxide causes problems for people with asthma or dissolve in water to make acid rain -Acid rain damages wildlife and limestone buildings |
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What is the role of a catalytic converter? |
Turns carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide |
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What reaction takes place in a catalytic converter? |
nitric oxide + carbon monoxide (over a catalyst)= nitrogen + carbon dioxide |
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How do you test for an alkene? |
Add orange bromine water to an alkene and it turns colourless. |
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What is formed when Bromine is added to an alkene? |
A dibromo compound |
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What is a saturated compound? |
Has only one covalent bond between carbon atoms. |
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What is an unsaturated compound? |
At least one double covalent bond is present. |
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Are alkanes saturated? |
Yes. |
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Are alkenes saturated? |
No. |
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What is addition polymerisation? |
Many alkene monomers react to make a polymer |
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What conditions are needed for polymerisation to take place? |
High pressure and a catalyst. |
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What are some properties of GORETEX? |
Tough, lightweight, breathable |
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How is GORETEX breathable yet waterproof? |
The holes are too small for water droplets like rain to get through but are large enough to let through water vapour like sweat. |
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Why is GORETEX laminated in nylon? |
Because it's too fragile on its own. |
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What is GORETEX made of? |
PTFE |
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What types of polymers are scientists working on developing? |
Dissolveable and biodegradable. |
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What problems are polymers causing? |
Filling landfills (they don't decay) This wastes land that could be used otherwise Burning them makes toxic gas Disposal wastes crude oils used to make them Difficult to sort them so hard to recycle |
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What type of bond holds together polymers? |
Strong covalent bonds
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What makes certain plastics easy to stretch? |
Weak intermolecular |
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What happens to protein molecules in meat and eggs when cooked? |
They denature and change shape, making the food's texture change permanently. |
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What happens to potato carbs when cooked? |
Starch grains swell and spread out Cell walls rupture to lose rigid structure and cause a softer texture |
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What is baking powder? |
Sodium Hydrocarbonate |
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What is the equation for the breakdown of baking powder (sodium hydrocarbonate) |
sodium hydrocarbonate --> sodium carbonate + carbon dioxide + water |
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What are emulsifiers? |
Molecules with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails |
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How do emulsifiers work? |
The hydrophilic head bonds to water and hydrophobic to fat/oil- keeping them together. |
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What is the equation to make an ester? |
alcohol + acid = ester + water |
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How are esters made? |
Acid is added to alcohol and heated. A condenser stops gas from escaping and helps cool it back down so it can keep reacting. |
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What properties should a perfume have? |
Evaporate easily Non-toxic Not react with water Not irritate skin Be insoluble in water |
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What is a solution? |
A mixture of a solvent and solute |
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Can esters be used as solvents? |
Yes |
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How does perfume evaporate? |
Particles gain kinetic energy and vibrate to the point where they break the weak intermolecular bonds and are freed. |
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Why will water not dissolve nail-varnish? |
Because the bonds between the nail varnish molecules are stronger than those between water and varnish. |
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What is paint? |
A colloid where particles are mixed and dispersed with water but not dissolved. |
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Why will components of a colloid not separate? |
The particles are scattered through the mixture and are small enough not to settle at the bottom. |
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How does emulsion paint dry? |
The solvent evaporates, leaving the pigment. |
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How does oil paint dry? |
The solvent evaporates, leaving the oil and pigment- the oil is then oxidised. |
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What are some uses of thermochromic paint? |
Cups, bath toys/spoons, electric kettles |
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How do phosphorescent pigments work? |
They absorb and store energy, then release it over time. |
