C++ Verbs

Front 1

Bool has what possible values?

Back 1

True or False

Hint 1

Boolean is logical, checking if something is in one of two conditions

Front 2

Int is a simple data type for what?

Back 2

Integers up to 2.1 billion or so, plus to negative

Hint 2

Integers are numbers without commas or decimal points. Use FLOAT or double for decimal (fractional) numbers

Front 3

Char is a simple data type for what?

Back 3

Char is used to store characters. Single quotes enclose each character. A space is a character

Hint 3

Char is short for what?

Front 4

Float is a simple data type for what?

Back 4

Float represents any real number from -3.48E+38 to 3.48E+38.
Float has 6 or 7 max significant digits.

Hint 4

Floating point hints at a _____ point in a number.

Front 5

Double is a simple data type for what?

Back 5

Double represents any real number -1.7E+308 to 1.7E+308. Double has 15 max significiant digits

Hint 5

Double is a larger version of float.

Front 6

How is static_cast declared?

Back 6

static_cast<datatype>(expression)
ex: static_cast<int>(7.9) evaluates to 7

Hint 6

static_cast converts the data to the type in <>

Front 7

how is const data type declared?

Back 7

const dataType identifier = value;
ex: const double NO_OF_DAYS;

Hint 7

const is used to hold a value unchanged in memory

Front 8

How is a variable declared?

Back 8

type variable = expression;

ex: int count = 0;
ex: int num1, num2;

Hint 8

variables are named memory locations, and are often initialized when created. They end with a ;

Front 9

How do you increment or decrement a number?

Back 9

++ increments a number
-- decrements a number
ex: count++ increases count by 1

Hint 9

two signs do it in both cases- before or after the variable give different results.

Front 10

What is a preprocessor directive?

Back 10

#include<headerFileName>
ex: #include<iostream>

Hint 10

think about the # at the start of the source code

Front 11

What are compound assignment statements?

Back 11

+=, -=, *=, /=, %= are compound assignments.
x *= y; is equal to x = x * y;

Hint 11

These combine arithmatic operators in code shorthand.

Front 12

How is cin>> used?

Back 12

cin >> variable >> variable..;
ex: cin >> age >> gender;

Hint 12

remember the carrets assign input to a variable

Front 13

How is cin.get used?

Back 13

cin.get(varChar);
ex: cin.get(number1);
get stores the next char, includes spaces, into the (variable)

Hint 13

get is a predefined function that loads characters. It uses a dot operator.

Front 14

How is cin.ignore used?

Back 14

cin.ignore(intExp, chExp)
ex: cin.ignore(25, 'x') ignores the next 25 characters, or x, whichever comes first

Hint 14

ignore is a predefined function that ignores the next x characters or until y occurs. It uses a dot operator

Front 15

How is putback used?

Back 15

istreamVar.putback(ch);
ex: cin.putback(ch); this puts the last character extracted by get back into the input stream

Hint 15

putback is a predefined function that puts the last character extracted by get back into the stream. It uses a dot operator

Front 16

How is peek used?

Back 16

ch = istreamVar.peek();
ex: ch = cin.peek();
this stores the value of input stream into a variable, but doesn't remove it from the stream.

Hint 16

peek is a predefined function that gets a value from the input stream, but doesn't change the input stream. It uses a dot operator and empty parens.

Front 17

How is the clear function used?

Back 17

istreamVar.clear();
ex: cin.clear(); This restores the input stream. Often used with ignore to clear garbage and restore input stream

Hint 17

clear is a predefined function that restores the input stream. its often used with another function. It uses a dot operator

Front 18

How is setprecision used?

Back 18

setprecision(n);
ex: setprecision(4); sets decimal places to 4 places
must include #include<iomanip>

Hint 18

setprecision is a predefined function that sets the number of decimal places

Front 19

How is fixed used?

Back 19

fixed; sets decimal output to fixed decimal output. Used with setprecision
ex: cout << fixed;
must include #include<iomanip>

Hint 19

fixed is a output manipulator that is part of an include library.

Front 20

How is showpoint used?

Back 20

ex: cout << showpoint;
This causes zeros to show after a decimal point
must include #include<iomanip>

Hint 20

showpoint makes zeros appear.

Front 21

How is setw used?

Back 21

ex: cout << setw(2); sets column width to 2 spaces.
must include #include<iomanip>

Hint 21

used to set column width. Must include a library to work.

Front 22

How is setfill used?

Back 22

ex: cout << setfill(ch); fills spaces with the (character).
must include #include<iomanip>

Hint 22

fills spaces with a selected character. Must include a library to work.

Front 23

How is left, right used?

Back 23

ex: cout << left; causes left align
ex: cout << right; causes right align
must include #include<iomanip>

Hint 23

used to left, right align,
must include library

Front 24

How does getline work?

Back 24

getline(istreamVar, strVar);
ex: getline(cin, myString);
used to put line into string variable, inlcuding spaces, till end of line

Hint 24

used to get a line, including spaces, into a variable. Uses dot operator

Front 25

How does fstream work?

Back 25

1) #include<fstream>
2)ifstream inData; //declare filestream var
ofstream outData; // delcare filestream var
3) fileStreamVar.open(sourceName); //open file
ex: inData.open("c:\\prog.dat");
4) inData >> payRate; (example)// input into var
outData << " Pay total is " << pay << endl; example) // stores output in output file prog.dat
5) inData.close(); // closes input file
outData.close(); // closes output file

Hint 25

five step process, includes header file, variables, tie to source and open, output, close

Front 26

What is the difference between = and ==?

Back 26

a = b assigns value b to variable a
a == b determines if b is equal to a

Hint 26

One places a value in a variable, one checks for equality...

Front 27

Name six relational operators.

Back 27

== is equal
! != is not equal
< is less than
<= is less than or equal
> is greater than
>= is greater than or equal

Hint 27

straight from mathmatics except for ascii, and equals is ==

Front 28

What are && and ||?

Back 28

&& is the AND logical operator
|| is the OR logical operator

Hint 28

Logic operators come from and, or

Front 29

How is the if else statement used?

Back 29

if (expression)
{ statement 1;}
else
{ statement 2;}

Hint 29

if something happens, do this
else, do this

Front 30

What is short circuit evaluation?

Back 30

C++ evaluates logical exp from left to right, and stops as soon as the expression is evaluated.
ex: age >= 21 || x == 5 stops if first exp is true, witout eval second exp.

Hint 30

used with logic evals, it stops when exp is resolved

Front 31

How is a switch structure used?

Back 31

switch(expression)
{
case value1:
statement 1
break;
case vaue 2:
statement2
break; ...
default:
}
}

Hint 31

swithh uses cases, compares to values, or does statements.

Front 32

how is a while loop used?

Back 32

while(expression)
{
statement;
}

Hint 32

while this is true, do this

Front 33

What is a counter controlled while loop?

Back 33

counter = 0;
while (counter < N)
{ counter++;}
// increments counter value N times

Hint 33

uses a counter variable to increment X times

Front 34

What is a sentinel controlled while loop?

Back 34

cin >> var; // input var, initialized
while (var != sentinel)
{ cin >> var;} // check each input until var = sentinel

Hint 34

check each variable until it equals a sentinel value

Front 35

What is a flag controlled while loop?

Back 35

found = false; // ini control var
while( !found)
{ if(expression)
found = true; // update value if true
}

Hint 35

compares var to expression while flag is not equal

Front 36

What is an EOF while loop?

Back 36

infile.get(ch);>> var // initialize loop control variable
while (!infile.eof()) // while there is input
{ cout << ch;
infile.get(ch);
} // update loop var

Hint 36

go till the end of file is reached

Front 37

How do you use a FOR loop?

Back 37

for(initial statement; loop condition, update statement)\
{ statement}
ex:
for(i = 0; i < 10; i++)
cout << i << endl;

Hint 37

shortcut to counter controlled loops. (start, go till, ++start)

Front 38

How do you use a DoWhile loop?

Back 38

do
statement
while( expression)
ex: do
{
cout << i << " ";
i += 5;
}
while (i <= 20);

Hint 38

do something first, then continue it if expression in following while statment is true.

Front 39

When do you use a FOR loop?

Back 39

For loops are used when you know or can determine the number of repetitions in advance

Hint 39

FOR knows the count

Front 40

When do you use a WHILE loop?

Back 40

While loops are used when the number of repetitions is not known

Hint 40

While doesn't know how many repeititions

Front 41

When do you use a doWhile loop?

Back 41

If the program doesn't know the number of repetitions, but it is at least 1 doWhile is the right choice

Hint 41

Use do while when you need at least 1 repetition, but don't know how many more.

Front 42

List 5 cmath functions

Back 42

abs(x) // returns absolute value of x
floor(x) // returns largest whole number not > x
pow(x,y) //returns value of x^y
sqrt(x) //returns nonnegative square root of x
tolower(x) //returns lowercase value of x
toupper(x) //returns uppercase value of x

Hint 42

requires #include<cmath>

Front 43

What is the basic structure of a user defined function?

Back 43

Each function must contain:
1) function name
2) parameters, each with data type
3) data type of output
4) code to accomplish function

Hint 43

4 elements of a value function

Front 44

What is the syntax of a value returning function?

Back 44

functionType functionName(formal parameter list)
{
statements
}

Hint 44

output type, funcName, input parameters, {code;}

Front 45

What is the syntax of a formal parameter list?

Back 45

datatype identifier; datatype identifier, ..
Can be values or variables created in parameter list
MUST have datatype,

Hint 45

FORMAL list is input for function, has data types and typically variables that link to actual expressions to pass data into function

Front 46

What is the syntax of an actual parameter list?

Back 46

(expression or variable, expression or variable...)
It can be empty, but () are still req'd. Actual values are variables or exp from the main or other function that are inputs to the called function

Hint 46

function inputs, typically in main program from variables or values in main program or other function

Front 47

What is a return?

Back 47

A return is the single output of a value returning function. The return statement is the last thing executed before control goes back to the main pgm

Hint 47

Malik page 328 has best diagram of function parts

Front 48

What is afunction CALL?

Back 48

functionName(actual parameter list)
ex: larger(one, two)
no data type is specified.

Front 49

What is a formal parameter?

Back 49

A formal parameter is a variable declared in the function heading

Front 50

What is an actual parameter?

Back 50

An actual parameter is a variable or expression listed in a function call

Front 51

How do you declare a void function?

Back 51

void functionName(formal parameter list)

Front 52

What is a reference parameter?

Back 52

Designated by a '&' after the data type in the formal parmeter list, a reference function receives the memory location of the actual parameter, effectively allowing the function to pass values to the actual parameter.

Front 53

When are reference parameters used?

Back 53

1) when actual parameter values needs to be changed
2) when you want to return more than one value from a function

Front 54

What is an automatic variable?

Back 54

An automatic variable is one that allocated memory at the beginning of a block, and deallocated at exit

Front 55

What is a static variable?

Back 55

static dataType identifier; declares a static variable
A static variable is one that holds memory as long as the program is executing. Global variables are static variables.

Front 56

How do you overload a function?

Back 56

Give the same function name but change formal parameters to change input to same function

Front 57

Define the Enum type.

Back 57

enum typeName {value1, value2, ..}
C++ lets you define datatypes and values, but no operations.
Enumerations are ordered sets of values

Front 58

How do you declare a enum datatype variable?

Back 58

dataType identifier, identifier
ex: enum sports { value1, value2}
sports popSport, mySport // declares popSport and mySport as variables of type Sports

Front 59

How do you increment enums?

Back 59

static_cast<sports>(popSport + 1)

Front 60

What is the syntax for typedef statements?

Back 60

typedef existingTypeName new TypeName;

Front 61

What is the syntax for declaring a namespace?

Back 61

namespace namespace_name
{ members}
Members can be variables, constants, functions, etc.

Front 62

What is the syntax for accessing a namespace member?

Back 62

namespace_name:: identifier
or
using namespace_name:: identifier

Front 63

List five string functions

Back 63

1) strVar(index) // returns the element at position (index)
2) strVar.compare(str) // compares strVar and str
3) strVar.erase(pos, n) // erases n characters starting at pos
4) strVar.find(str) // finds the first occurance of str in strVar
5) strVar.length() // returns the value string::size_type giving number of characters in strVar.

Front 64

How do you declare a one dimension array?

Back 64

dataType arrayName [intExp];
ex: int num[5] // array of five ints
intExp is any constant expression that evaluates to a positive integer.
const ARRAY_SIZE = 10
int list[ARRAY_SIZE] // declares an array that's size is determined by the variable ARRAY_SIZE.

Front 65

How do you assign values to an array ?

Back 65

list[5]=34 // assigns the value 34 to array component 5

Front 66

How do you initialize a one dimension array?

Back 66

for(index = 0; index < 10; index++)
sales[index] = 0.0

Front 67

How do you read data into an array?

Back 67

for(index = 0; index < 10; index++)
cin>> sales[index];

Front 68

How do you print an array?

Back 68

for(index = 0; index < 10; index++)
cout<< sales[index]; << " ";

Front 69

How are arrays passed as parameters to functions?

Back 69

Arrays are passed by reference only. You don't need the '&' symbol.

Front 70

What do you prevent a function from changing an array by reference?

Back 70

By making the reference constant . Include 'const' in front of the array name and it won't change the actual parameter.

Front 71

Name 3 cstring functions

Back 71

1) strcopy(s1, s2) // copies s2 into s1
2) strcomp(s1, s2) // returns value < 0 if s1 is < s2, etc
3) strlen(s) // returns string length less null character

Front 72

How do you read c strings?

Back 72

cin.get(str, m +1) // stores the next M characters until \n into str

Front 73

How do you use getline with cstrings?

Back 73

cin.getline(text, 100); //reads the next 99 characters into text

Front 74

How do you convert a string to a c-string?

Back 74

The function c_str is used
strVar.c_str() //where strVar is a string variable

Front 75

Give an example of a simple parallel array

Back 75

ex: infile >> studentID[numStudents] >> courseGrade[numStudents];
while( infile && numStudents < 50)
{
numStudents++;
infile>> studentID[numStudents]
>> courseGrade[numStudents];
}

Front 76

How is a 2d function delcared?

Back 76

double sales[10][5] ; // declares a 2D array with 10 rows and 5 columns

Front 77

What is the syntax to access an array component?

Back 77

arrayName[indexExp1][indexExp2]
exp1 is row position, exp2 is column position

Front 78

How do you initialize 2D arrays?

Back 78

Using nested for loops.
ex: for(row = 0; row < numRows; row++)
{ for(col = 0; col < numCol; col++)
arrayName[row][col];
}

Front 79

Give an example of a string array declaration

Back 79

string arrayName[numElements];
ex: string list[100];

Front 80

How is typedef used in defining arrays?

Back 80

Use typedef to define a 2d array,and declare variables of that type.
ex: typedef int tabletype[nr][nc];
tabletype matrix; // declares matrix of typedef specs
This can also be used when declaring formal parameters.

Front 81

How do you declare a vector?

Back 81

vector<elemType> vecList; // creates an empty vector called vecList
vector<elemType> vecList(n, elem); // creates vector vecList initialized with n copies of elem.
ex: vector<int> intList ; // creates empty vector named intList

Front 82

Give 5 vector functions.

Back 82

1) vecList.at(index) // gives value at index
2) vecList.front // gives first value in vector
3) vecList.size // gives number of elements
4) vecList.pushback // adds a copy of elem at end of vector

Front 83

What must be included to use vectors?

Back 83

You must include the header file vector, i.e. #include<vector> to use the vector class.

Front 84

How do you define a struct?

Back 84

struct structName
{
dataType1 identifier 1;
dataType2 identifier 2;
};
ex:
struct employeeType
{
string firstName;
string lastName;
string address1;
string address2;
double salary;
};
This defines a struct, but no memory is declared until a variable of that struct type is declared.

Front 85

How do you declare a variable from a struct?

Back 85

employeeType newEmployee;
This variable allocates memory for each component of the struct.

Front 86

How do you access a struct member?

Back 86

structVariableName.memberName
ex: newEmployee.firstName

Front 87

How do you store a value in a struct?

Back 87

ex: newemployee.firstName = " John" ;

Front 88

Give an example of a void function with a struct parameter.

Back 88

void print(studentType student)
where studentType is a struct type, and student is an instance of that type.

Front 89

Give an example of an array within a struct.

Malik p. 621

Back 89

struct listType
{
int listElem [ARRAY_SIZE];
int listLength;
};

Front 90

Give an example of a struct in an array.

Back 90

assume that struct employeeType already created, then:
employeeType employees[50]; creates an array of 50 structs of employeeType.

Front 91

Give an example of loading file data into an array of structs.

Back 91

Assuming a datafile is open, a for loop can load data:
for(int count=0; count<50; count++)
{
infile >> employee[count].firstName
>> employee[count].lastName
>> employee[count].salary;
}

Front 92

Give an example of a struct within a struct

Back 92

struct employeeType
{
nameType name; // struct type then variable
addressType address;
dateType hireDate;
contactType contact;
};