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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Circadian Rhythms
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Endogenous, humans’ last around 24.2h, examples: activity, temp, waking & sleeping, secretion of hormones, eating & drinking.
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Stages of Sleep
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Relaxed Wakefulness
1) NREM Stage 1 2) NREM Stage 2 3) NREM Stage 3, 4/ Slow Wave Sleep 4) REM |
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NREM
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Reduced muscle tension throughout body, minimal movement, low temp & low energy consumption, heart rate, respiration, & kidney function slow down, increased digestive process, brain is resting, detailed, entertaining dreams rare.
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REM
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“Dreaming Period,” EEG almost indistinguishable from that of an active brain, high oxygen consumption, increased & irregular heart & respiration rates, muscle atonia, body temp drops, sexual arousal.
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Effects of Sleep Deprivation
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Can not really kill you, 2 weeks of Total Deprivation: immune dysfunction, organ damage, stress, reduced ability to conserve heat, increased metabolism. Fatal Familial Insomnia can’t sleep for a couple of months. Sleepiness/ Loss of Motivation/ Attentional Problems/ Reduced Body Temp/ Aches & Pains/ Reduced Creative Thinking & Multi-Tasking/ Anti-Depressant/ Memory Impairment
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Sleep Deprivation & Emotional Memory
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sleep deprived individuals often unaware of deficits, 6 hrs for many days.
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Sleep & Memory Consolidation
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sleep appears to consolidate or solidify newly formed memories. Integrates new memories w/ existing knowledge & older memories.
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The Power of Naps
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more improvement w/ naps (across day vs. overnight), naps better at facilitating info just learned.
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Theories of Dreaming
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Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis Dreams result from random activation in brain which is synthesized w/ existing knowledge & memories. Dreams Help Consolidate & Prune Memories info either removed/ strengthened during sleep depending on its usefulness (mental housekeeping). Dreams as Experimental Simulations testing schemas & reactions to certain situations, prepare you for the future.
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Content of Dreams
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80% of Dreams have Negative Emotional Content (failure, attacked), anxiety most prevalent/ Correlated w/ More Nightmares (imagery vividness, fantasy proneness, increased emotional reactions, anxiety disorders)/ 5% Dreams sexual in Nature/ Not Recurrent/ Phantasmagoric.
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REM Dreaming
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hallucinatory, emotional, narrative, w/ frequent movements.
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NREM Dreaming
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more thought-like & less hallucinatory.
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Remembering Dreams
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vast majority never remembered/ neurochemistry necessary for consolidation is suppressed during REM sleep/ What we recall usually what we remember waking up.
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Sleep & Creativity
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Sleep doesn’t just consolidate & strengthen memories, intelligently assimilates & generalizes our memories. Dreams may help build informational schemas of knowledge, provide predictions about world & implicitly facilitating creative next day insights.
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Lucid Dreaming
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deaming while knowing you’re dreaming, Begins Midst of Dream, Triggered by Noticing Impossible or Unlikely Occurrence, Controversial, Need to create Effective Event-Based Prospective Memory Cues (recognize dream signs). EX: read & look away, time, flip light switch, run through wall.
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White Bear Effect
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after engage in suppression, spend more time thinking of white bear.
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Ironic Errors
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fail to suppress unwanted thoughts, ironic b/c tell someone to not think makes them more likely to think about it.
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Rebound Effects
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think about to-be-suppressed thoughts more often in future after period of attempted to suppression, occurs even if initial suppression is relatively successful, in long-run more likely to do it.
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Ironic Process Theory
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Explains why thought suppression is so hard in Two Mental Processes:
1) Operator conscious, effortful process that creates desired mental state. 2) Ironic Monitoring Process: unconscious search for unwanted mental state. |
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Cognitive Load & Thought Suppression
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causes errors when system underlying conscious mental control or under cognitive loads/stressors (If told to relax, don’t relax, trying to relax is counter-productive.).
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~Suppression & Recovered Memories
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Setting Bears Free Focused Distraction/ Reducing Stress & Cognitive Load/ Thought Postponement/ Exposure or Expression/ Acceptance & Commitment Therapy/ Meditation & Mindfulness/ Focused Breathing/ Attention Training/ Disclosure or Writing.
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Think/ No-Think Effect Anderson & Green (2001)
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subjects guess & paid, told attempting to avoid thinking about things make them more accessible, told avoid saying response out loud (no suppression instructions). RESULTS: more time you think of something, more improve memory, more not to think= less likely retrieve in future, not Ironic Error.
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White Bear vs. TNT
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conflicting results= nature of the task and duration of suppression attempts/ White Bear effect more robust & reliable than TNT effect.
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Embodied Cognition
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idea our bodies contribute to our intelligent behavior, including memory. Knowledge is not just something stored in out heads.
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~Mind-Body Dualism
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Cartesian Dualism idea that the mind is separate from the body. Mind= brain, rational, objective, high level cognition, uniquely human. Body= heart, emotional, subjective, low level automatic functions, animalistic.
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The Embodied Dynamic View of Mind
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memory is not a disembodied process takes place in your head or in one particular module in the brain. Memory is a dynamic reactivation of various resources. Activations include embodied parts of brain, body can facilitate/ inhibit ongoing reactivations create instances of explicit & implicit memories.
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Simulation
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the reenactment of perceptual, motor, & introspective states acquired during experience w/ the world, body, & mind/ Reenactments rely on embodied memory/Lang comprehension involves rich, meaningful representations that reflect embodied experiences/ Experience & content highly important/Words be used to evoke simulations/ Simu not full blown, conscious sensory experiences but subtle, implicit, automatic occurrences.
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Botox Study
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For Facial Feedback & Lang
Stimuli: Happy, Sad or Angry Sentences. INSTRUCT: read, answer, get botox injection, come back 2 weeks after treatment & complete task again. RESULTS: 2nd session P’s were significantly slower after having Botox injections at comprehension Task for Sad Items (p=.024) Angry (p=.025) Not for Happy Items. |
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Conceptual Metaphor Theory
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use knowledge provided by our bodies to talk about emotional experiences. Source Domain Embodied/ Concrete/ Experiential Domains. Target Domains Abstract/ Subjective/ Difficult to Conceptualize.
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Metaphor Theory & Conceptual Metaphor
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conceptual metaphors are not merely ornaments of lang, they are cognitive devices that shape much of thought→ evidence: simulation of embodied, experiential source domains at the cognitive level.
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