Butler Biology Unit 7

Front 1

Volume

Back 1

The amount of space inside of the cell. This would include the cytoplasm and all of the organelles

Front 2

Surface Area

Back 2

The total amount of exterior which is exposes to the environment around the cell. This would include the outside of the cell membrane

Front 3

Plant Root Cells

Back 3

Divide more rapidly because this is an area of active growth

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Some Nerve Cells ___________

Back 4

Enter a phase of no division

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Some Bacteria Cells ________

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Divide very rapidly. For example, E-Coli can divide every TWENTY minutes in ideal conditions

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Interphase

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The "normal" part of the cell cycle. The cells spend most of the cycle (life of the cell) in this phase. During this phase the cell carries out life functions (STERNGR) and then prepares for division

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Chromatin

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During most of interphase, DNA exists in a "relaxed", stringy form known as this

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Chromatid

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Each copy of DNA

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Centromere

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The two chromatids are attatched in a region know as this

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Doubled Chromosome

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The ending structure in interphase

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Mitosis

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Eukaryotic cell division; Usually the mechanism that allows asexual reproduction to occur

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Spindles

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Protein fibers that will attach to chromosomes and aid in chromosome movement

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Prophase

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-Spindles start to form
-Nuclear membrane is broken down

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Metaphase

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-Spindle fibers attach to the centromere regions
-Chromosomes move to the center of the cell

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Anaphase

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-Spindle fibers shorten
-Doubled chromosomes are seperated into chromatids
-Chromatids begin to move to opposite ends of the cell

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Telophase

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-Spindle fibers are broken down
-A new nuclear membrane begins to form

Front 17

Cytokinesis

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The seperation of the cytoplasm (including all organelles) into two identical daughter cells. Animal cells constrict in the middle to pinch apart forming two different cells and Plant cells produce a cell plate dividing the two cells, this cell plate will become the cell wall

Front 18

Cancer

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A class of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell division and the ability of these cells to invade other tissues

Front 19

Cancer occurs when...

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The genes that control cell division do not function properly.

Front 20

Inherited Genetic Defect

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A spontaneous genetic mutation, or a mutation caused by environmental factors

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Mutagens

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Environmental factors that increase genetic mutations. (ex. Radiation and some viruses)

Front 22

Carcinogens

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Environmental factors that increase the likelihood of cancer. These are often mutagens, and any mutagen agent can cause caner if it mutates a gene that controls cell division. (ex. cigarette smoke and DDT)

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Cell Plate

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Found in Plant cells, formed during Cytokinesis; Dividing the two cells formed during mitosis; Will eventually become the cell wall

Front 24

Eukaryotic Organisms

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Multi-celluar organisms, all living things except bacteria

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Prokaryotic Organisms

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Single-celled organisms, bacteria

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Why do cells divide?

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To maintain a workable volume to surface area ration

Front 27

Asexual Reproduction

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Reproduction involving only one source of genetic material (ex. one parent). This means the offspring will be genetically identical (clones) to the parent

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Binary Fission

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Occurs when a unicelluar organism (such as bacteria or an amoeba) divides into two equally sized cells for the purpose of reproduction

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Budding

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Occurs when simple organisms (such as yeast or hydra) produce much smaller cells than those of the parent organism

Front 30

Sporulation

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Occurs when an organism (such as mushrooms) produce spores - tiny packets of DNA - for the purpose of reproduction

Front 31

Vegetative Propagation

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Occurs when a protion of a plant goes though cell division in order to produce a plant

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Regeneration

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Occurs when a part of an animal (such as an earthworm) undergoes cell division to produce a new organism

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Sexual Reproduction

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Reproduction involving two sources of genetic material (i.e. two parents). This means that offsprings will be genetic combinations of the two parents

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Gametes

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Sex cells, such as sperm and egg. The purpose of these is to fuse with another gamete to combine genetic material (fertililzation)

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Zygote

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The cell which is produced by fertilization. This will later develop into an embryo

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Meiosis

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A type of cell division which produces gametes. This is a unique type of cell division because it divides the genetic material in half, allowing for fertilization

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Somatic Cell

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A cell which containts two of each type of chromosome

Front 38

Homologous Chromosomes

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The chromosome pairs in Somatic cells

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Haploid

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Contains only one of each type of chromosome (i.e. gamete)

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Meiosis I

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The reduction division; In this division, the homologous pairs of doubled chromosomes are seperated. The end result of this is two daughter cells, each of which is haploid but contains doubled genetic material

Front 41

Meiosis II

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Uses the same basic steps as mitosis; In this division, the doubled chromosomes are sperated. The end result of Meiosis II is four daughter cells, each of which is haploid and contains no duplicated DNA