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203 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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not-for-profit organizations
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businesslike establishments that have primary objectives other tan returning profits to their owners
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natural resources
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all products imputs that are useful in their natural states, including agricultural land, builing sites, forests, and mineral deposits.
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capital
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key resource, includes technology, tools, information, and pysical facilities
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human resources
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another critical imput in every enconimic system which includes, anyone who works form the CEO to a self-emplyoyed mechanic encompasses physical labor and intellectual imputs by workers
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entreperneuship
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the willingness to take risks to creat and operate a business. someone who sees potentially profitable opportunity and then devises a plan to achieve success in the marketplace and earn those profits
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capitalism
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another name for private enterprise system which is a economic system that rewards firms for their ability to perceive and serve the needs and demands of consumers.
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competitive differentiation
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the unique combination of organizational abilities, products and approaches that sets a company apart from competitors in the minds of consumers
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private property
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our most basic freedom under private enterprise system. every participant has the right to own, use, buy, sell and bequeath most forms of property, including land building, machinery, equipment, patents on inventorion, individual possessions, and intangible properties
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consumer orientation
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the process of determining what consumers wanted and needed and then designing products to satisfy those needs
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branding
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the process of creating an identity in consumer's' minds for a good, service, or company, is an important marketing tool this can be a name, term, sign, symbol, design or some combitation that identifies the product of one firm and differentieates them form competitors' offering
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transaction management
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business concentrate on building and promoting products in the hope that enough customers will buy them to cover costs and earn acceptable profits
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relationship era
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longer-term approach to attract customers. Seek ways to actively nurture customer loyalty by carefully managing every interaction pg 16
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partnership
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affiliation of two or more companies that help each other achieve common goals
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relationship management
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collection of activities that build and maintain ongoing mutually beneficialties with customers and other parties. involves gathering knowledge of customer reeds and preferences and applying that understanding to get as close to the customer as possible. many these activities are based on technology
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strategic alliance
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a partnership formed to create a competitive advantage for the businesses involved
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diversity
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blending individuals of different genders, ethnic backgrounds, cultures, religions, ages and physical and mental abilities, an enhance a firm's chances of success
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offshoring
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is the relocation of business processes to lower-cost locations overseas including both production and service
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nearshoring
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outsourcing production or services to locations near a firm's home base
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vision
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ability to perceive marketplace needs and what an organization must do to satisfy them.
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critical thinking
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ability to analyze and assess information to pinpoint Robles or opportunities
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creativity
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the capacity to develop novel solutions to perceived organizational problems
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What activity lies at the heart of every business endeavor/
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is an exchange between a buyer and a seller
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What are the primary objective of a not-for-profit organization
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place public service above profits, although they need to raise money in order to operate and achieve their social goals
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Identify the four basic inputs to an economic system
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natural resources, capital, human resources, and entrepreneurship
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list four types of capital
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technology, tools, information, and physical facilities
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What is an alternative term for private enterprise system
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capitalism
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what is the most basic freedom under the private enterprise system
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is the right to private property
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what is an entrepreneur
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is a risk taker who is willing to star, own, and operate a business
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what was the industrial revolution
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began around 1750 in England and moved business operations form an emphasis on independent, skilled workers to a factory system that mass-produced items
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during which era was the idea of branding developed
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marketing era
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what is the difference between transaction management and relationship management
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transaction is an approach that focuses on building, promoting , and selling enough product to cover costs and earn profits.. Relatinship is the collection of activites that build and maintain ongoing ties with customers and other parties
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How does the aging workforce affect business
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an aging workforce requires business to hire workers at both extreme ends of the working-age spectrum
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How can businesses benefit from a diverse workforce
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a diverse workforce can enrich a company's chances of success because diverse groups tend to perform tasks more effectively and develop better solutions. They also tend to foster greater innovation.
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Outsourcing
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using vendors to produce goods or fulfill services and functions that were once handled in-house or in-country
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offshoring
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relocation of business process to lower-cost locations overseas
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nearshoring
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outsourcing of production or services to locations near a firms home base
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describe the importance of collaboration and employee partnership
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businesses are increasingly focusing on collaboration, rather than on individuals working alone. No longer do employees just put in their time at a job they hold their entire career. The new employer-employee partnership encourages teamwork and creative thinking, problem solving, and innovation. Managers are trained to listen to and respect employees
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why is vision an important managerial quality
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managerial vision allows a firm to innovate and adapt to meet changes in the marketplace
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what is the difference between creativity and critical thinking
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critical thinking is the ability to analyze and assess information to pinpoint problems or opportunities. creativity is the capacity to develop novel solutions to perceived organizational problems
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business ethic
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refers to the standards of conduct and moral values involving decisions made in the work environment.
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social responsibility
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is a management philosophy that includes contributing resources to the community preserving the natural environment, and developing or participating in nonprofit programs designed to promote the well-being of the general public
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Identify three criteria used to judge whether a company might be considered admirable
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solid profits, stable growth, a safe and challenging work environment, high-quality goods and services, and business ethics and social responsibility
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business
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all profit-seeking activities and enterprises that provide goods and services necessary to an economic system
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profits
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profits rewards for businesspeople who take the risks involved to offer goods and services to customers
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factors of production
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four basic inputs for effective operation: natural resources, capital, human resources, and entrepreneurship
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private enterprise system
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economic system that rewards firms for their ability to identify and serve the needs and demands of customers
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competition
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battle among businesses for consumer acceptance
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entrepreneur
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person who seeks a profitable opportunity and takes the necessary risks to set up and operate a business
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brand
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name, term,sign, symbol, design or some combination that identifies the products of one firm and differentiates then from competitors' offerings
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relationship management
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collection of activities that build and maintain ongoing, mutually beneficial ties between a business and its customers and other parties
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outsourcing
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using outside vendors to produce goods or fulfill services and functions that were previously handled in-house or in-country
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to whom do business have responsibility
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responsible to customer, employees, investors, and society
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if a firm is meeting all its responsibilities to other, why do ethical conflicts arise
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because business must balance dong what is right and dong what is profitable
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what role can an ethics compliance officer play in a firm
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are charged with deterring wrongdoing and ensuring that ethical standards are met
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what factors influence the ethical environment of a business
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individual ethics and technology influence the ethical environment of a business
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what is the preconventional stage in the development of ethical standards
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the individual looks out for his or her own interests and follows rules out of fear of punishment or hope of reward
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what is the difference between the conventional and postconventional stages
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the conventional stage - the person considers the interest and expectations of others
postconventional stage - he or she considers personal, group, and societal interests |
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what are honesty and integrity, and how do they differ
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honesty is the trait of telling the truth
integrity goes beyond truthfulness and means adhering to deeply felt ethical principles |
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how can loyalty and truth come into conflict for an employee
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when the truth about a company or situation is unfavorable
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What is a code of conduct
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formal statement defining the way the organization expects and requires employees to resolve ethical questions that arise at work
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how does ethical leadership contribute to ethical standards throughout a company
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employees more readily commit to the company's core values when they see that leaders and managers behave ethically and when the ethics program is not seen as a way to protect top executives from being blamed for wrongdoing
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What is meant by social responsibility, and why do firms exercise it
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social responsibility is management's acceptance of its obligation to consider profit, consumer satisfaction, and societal well-being to be of equal value when evaluating the firm's performance. businesses exercise it because it is required by law, because it enhances the company's image or because management believes it is the right thing to do
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what is social audit
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a formal procedure to identify and evaluate all company activities that relate to social issues such as conservation, employment practice, environmental protection and philanthropy
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what is green marketing
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marketing strategy that promotes environmentally safe products and production methods
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what is corporate philanthropy
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includes cash contributions, donations of equipment and products, and support for the volunteer efforts of company employees
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what are the four main consumer rights
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right to be safe
to be informed to choose to be heard |
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why do firms need to do more than just earn a profit
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the law requires them to behave in a legal and ethical manner and because investors and shareholders demand such behavior
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what is the role of Securities and Exchange Commission
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among other functions is investigates suspicions of unethical or illegal behavior of publicly traded firms
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business ethics
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the standard of conduct and moral values governing actions and decisions in the work environment
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conflict of interest
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situation in which an employee must make a decision about a business's welfare versus personal gain
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whistle-blowing
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employees disclosure to company officials, government authorities, or the media of illegal, immoral,or unethical practices committed by an organization
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code of conduct
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formal statement that defines how the organization expects employees to resolve ethical issues
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stakeholders
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the customers,investors, employees, and public affected by or with an interest in a company
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social responsibility
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business consideration of society's well-being and consumer satisfaction, in addition to profits
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recycling
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reprocessing of used materials for reuse
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corporate philanthropy
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act of an organization making a contribution to the communities in which it earns profits
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consumerism
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public demand that a business consider the wants and needs of its customers in making decisions
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discrimination
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biased treatment of a job candidate or employee
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sexual harassment
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unwelcome and inappropriate actions of a sexual nature in the workplace
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sarbanes-oxley act 2002
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establishes new rules and regulation for securities trading and accounting practices, a company is also required to publish its code of ethics, if it has one and inform the pubic of any changes made to it
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integrity
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adhering to deeply felt ethical principles in business situations
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pollution
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finding ways to minimize and other environmental damage caused by their products or operating processes has become an important economic, legal and social issue
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green marketing
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a marketing strategy that promotes environmentally safe products and production methods
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Production liability
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responsibility of manufacturers for injuries and damages caused by their product.
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family leave
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business of 50 or more employees must provide unpaid leave annually for any employee who want time off for the birth or adoption of a child become foster parent or care for seriously ill relative or spouse, the requires 12 wks each year take in intermittently
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Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
(EEOC) |
created to increase job opportunities for women and minorities and to help discrimination based on race,color, religion, disability, gender or national origin in any personnel action
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microeconomics
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the study of economic behavior among individual consumer, families, and businesses whose collective behavior in the marketplace determines the quantity of goods and services demanded and supplied at different prices
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macroeconomics
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the study of the broader economic picture and how an economic system maintains and allocates its resources
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demand curve
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graph of the amount of a product that buyers will purchase at different prices
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supply curve
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shows the relationship between different prices and the quantities that sellers will offer for sale, regardless of demand
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how do factors of production influence the overall supply of goods and services
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a change in the cost or availability of any of the inputs considered to be factors of production can shift the entire supply curve, either increasing or decreasing the amount available at every price
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pure competition
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is a market structure in which large numbers of buyers and sellers exchange homogeneous products
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monopolistic competition
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is a market structure in which large numbers of buyers and sellers exchange differentiated products
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oligopoly
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is a market structure in which relatively few sellers compete and high start-up cost form barriers tone competitors
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monopoly
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one seller dominates trade in a good or service
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which economic system is the US economy base
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private enterprise
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what are the two types of planned economies
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socialism
communism |
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what is privatization
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is the conversion of government-owned and operated agencies into privately held businesses
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which stage of the business cycle indicate a downturn in the economy
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recession and depression
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which stage point of a upswing
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prosperity
recovery point to an upswing |
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what is productivity
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the relationship between the goods and services produced in a nation each year and the inputs that produce them
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how does the US government track changes in price levels
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tracks changes in price levels with the consumer price index(CPI) which measures the monthly average change in prices of goods and services
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Identify the four categories of unemployment
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frictional
seasonal cyclical structural |
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expansionary monetary policy
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increases the money supply in an effort to cut the cost of borrowing
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restrictive monetary policy
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reduces the money supply to curb rising prices, over expansion and concerns about overly rapid economic growth
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what are the three primary sources of government funds
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taxes
fees borrowing |
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does a balance budget erase the federal debt
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no, it just doesn't increase it
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why is virtually no country an economic island these days
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because many goods and services travel across national borders. companies now are becoming multinational firms
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economics
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social science that analyzes the choices people and governments made in allocating scarce resources
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microeconomics
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study of small economic units such as individual consumer,families and businesses
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macroeconomics
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study of a nation's overall econimic issues, such as how an economy maintains and allocates resources and how a government's policies affect the standards of living of its citizens.
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demand
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willingness and ability of buyers to purchase goods and services
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supply
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willingness and ability of sellers to provide goods and services
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demand curve
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is graph of the amount of a product that buyers will purchase at different prices. demand curves typically slope downward, meaning that lower and lower prices attract large and larger purchase
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supply curve
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show the relationship between different prices and the quantities that sellers will offer for sale, regardless of demand. movement along the supply curve is the opposite of movement along the demand curve
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equilibrium price
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the prevailing market price at which you can buy an item pg75
this is the point where the demand curve and supply curve meet ( intersect each other |
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deregulating
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deregulated regulated companies,to improve customer service and reduce for customers through increased competition
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planned economy
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government controls determine business ownership, profits and resource allocation t accomplish government goals rather than those set by individual firms which are socialism, communism
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mixed market economies
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econimic system that draw from both types of economies, to different degrees pg81
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core inflation rate
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is the inflation rate of an economy after energy and food prices are removed this measure is often an accurate prediction of the inflation rate that consumers, businesses, and other organizations can expect to experience during the near future
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recession
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cyclical economic contraction that lasts for six months or longer
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productivity
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relationship between the number of units produced and the number of human and other production inputs necessary to produce them
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gross domestic product
(GDP) |
sum of all goods and services produced within a country's boundaries during a specific time period, such as a year
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inflation
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rising prices caused by a combination of excess consumer demand and increases in the cost of raw material,component par, human resources and other factors of production
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deflation
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occurs when prices continue to fall
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unemployment rate
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expressed as a percentage of the total workforce who are actively seeking work but are currently unemployed
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monetary policy
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government actions to increase or decrease the money supply and change banking requirements and interest rates to influence banker's willingness to make loans
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fiscal policy
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government spending and taxation decisions designed to control inflation, reduce unemployment, improve the general welfare of citizens, and encourage econimic growth
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budget
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organization's plan for how it will raise and spend money during a given period of time
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budget deficit
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when the government spends more than it raises through taxes
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national debt
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all the borrowing the government does through treasury bonds, treasury bills, treasury notes
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budget surplus
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when the government takes in more money than it spends
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balanced budget
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means total revenues raised by taxes equal the total proposed spending for the year
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Why do nations trade
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trading boost economic growth by providing a market for products and access to needed resources. this makes production and distribution systems more efficient and reduces dependence on the economy of the domestic market
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cit some measure of the size of the international marketplace
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although developing countries have lower per-capita incomes than developed nations in North America and western Europe. their populations are large and growing, China's population is about 1.3 billion and India's is roughly 1.1 billion
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absolute advantage
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a country can maintain a monopoly in or produce a product at lower cost than any other competitor
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how does a notion acquire a comparative advantage
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exists when a nation can supply a product more efficiently and at a lower price than it can supply other goods, compared with the outputs of other countries
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balance of trade
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is the difference between experts and imports
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balance of payments
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is the overall flow of money into or our of a country
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how might values and attitudes form a barrier to trade, and how can they be overcome
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marked difference in values and attitudes, such as religious attitudes, can form barriers between traditionally capitalist countries and those adapting new capitalist systems. many of these can be overcome by learning about and respecting such differences
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explain the function of an exchange rate
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is the rate at which its currency canbe exchanged for the currency's for the currencies of other nations to make it easier for them trade with one another
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what is a tariff and what is it purpose
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a tariff is a surcharge or duty charged on foreign products. its purpose is to protect domestic producers of those items
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why is dumping a problem for companies marketing goods internationally
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dumping is selling products abroad at prices below the cost of production or exporting products at a loser price than charged in the home market. It drives the cost of products sharply down in the market where the are dumped, but it can also hurt the domestic producer of those products
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what international trade organization succeeded GATT and what is its goal
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the world trade organization (WTO) succeeded GATT with the goal of monitoring GATT agreements, mediating disputes, and continuing the effort to reduce trade barriers throughout the world
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World Bank
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funds projects that build or expand nations' infrastructure such as transportation, education, and health systems and facilities
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International Monetary Fund
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makes short term loans to members nations that are unable to meet their budgets. the fund operates as a lender of last resort
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Identify the members of NAFTA and briefly explain how it works
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NAFTA created a free-trade zone among the United States, Canada and Mexico by eliminating trade barriers and investment restrictions among them, as well as easing regulation on services such as banking and establishing uniform rules for protection of intellectual property
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what are the goals of European Union and how do they promote international trade
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their goals include promoting economic and social progress, introducing European citizenship as a complement to national citizenship, and giving the EU a significant role international affairs. Unify standards and laws in expected to contribute to international trade and economic growth
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name three possible strategies for beginning overseas business operations
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exporting or importing
contractual agreements such as franchising, licensing or subcontracting making direct investments in foreign markets through acquisitions, joint venture, or establishment of an overseas division |
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countertrade
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payments made in the form of local products, not currency
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compare and contrast licensing and subcontracting
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foreign licensing agreement, one firm allows another to produce or sell its product or use its trademark, patent or manufacturing process in a specific geographical area in return for royalty payments or other compensations
subcontracting a firm hires local companies abroad to produce, distribute,or sell its goods and services |
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describe joint ventures
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allow companies to share risk, cost, profits, and management responsibilities with one or more host-country nationals
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what is a global business strategy what are its advantages
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a global business strategy specifies a standardized competitive strategy in which the firm sells the same product in essentially the same manner throughout the world. It works well for goods and services that are common to many nations and allows the firm to market them withour making significant chages
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what is a multidomestic business strategy?
what are it advantages |
a multidomestic business strategy allows the firm to treat each foreign market in a different way to appeal to the custom, tastes, and buying habits of particular national markets, It allows the firm to customize its marketing apeals for individual cultures re areas.
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exports
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domestically produced goods and services sold in other countries
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imports
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foreign goods and services purchased by domestic customers
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balance of trade
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difference between a nation's exports and import
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balance of payments
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overall money flows into and our of a country
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exchange rate
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value of one nation's currency relative to the currencies of other countries
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devaluation
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a drop in a currency's value relative to other currencies or to a fixed standard
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infrastructure
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basic systems of communication:
telecommunications ( tv radio papers) transportation ( roads highways railroads airports) energy facilities (power plants gas and electric utilities) and the internet |
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tariff
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tax imposed on imported goods
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World Trade Organization
(WTO) |
151-member international institution that monitors GATT agreements and mediates international trade disputes
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quotas
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limit the amounts of particular products that countries can import during specified time periods
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dumping
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a company sells products abroad at prices below its cost of production. in another, a company exports a large quantity of a product at a lower price than the same product in the home market and drives down the price of the domestic product
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embargo
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more severe than quota, this imposes a total ban on importing a specified product or even a total halt to trading with a particular country
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North American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA) |
agreement among the United States, Canada, and Mexico to bread down tariffs and trade restrictions
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exchange controls
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trade restriction imposed through a central bank or government agency, exchange controls affect both exporters and importers
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General agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
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international trade accord sponsored a series of of negotiations, called rounds that substantially reduced world wind tariffs and other barriers
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world bank
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primarily funds projects that build or expand nation's infrastructures such as transportation, education and medical systems and facilities
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International monetary fund (IMF)
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was created to promote trade through financial cooperation and, in the process, elimainate barriers
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Central America-Dominican Republic Free Trade Agreement(CAFTA-DR)
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agreement among the United States, Costa Rica the Dominican Republic El Salvador, Guatemala. Honduras, and Nicaragua to reduce tariffs and trade restrictions
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European Union(EU)
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27-nation European economic alliance
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countertrade
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international trade involves payments made in the form of local products, not currency
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franchise
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contractual agreement in which a wholesaler or retailer gains the right to sell the franchiser's products under that company's brand name if it agrees to the related operating requirements
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Foreign licensing agreement
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one firm allows another to produce or sell its product, or use its trademark, patent, or manufacturing processes, in a specific geographical area. in return the firm gets a royalty or other compensation
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subcontracting
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involves hiring local companies to produce, distribute, or ell goods or services. this allows a foreign firm to take advantage of the subcontractors expertise in local culture, contacts, and regulations
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joint ventures
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allows companies to share risks, costs, profits, and management responsibilities with one or more host country natinals
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global business strategy
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offering a standardized worldwide product and selling it in essentially the same manner throughout a firm's domestic and foreign markets
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multidomestic business strategy
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developing and marketing product to serve different needs and tastes of separate national markets
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judiciary
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court system or branch of government that is responsible for settling disputes by applying laws
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trial courts
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courts of general jurisdiction
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law
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standards set by government and society in the form of either legislation or custom
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common law
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body of law arising out of judicial decisions, some of which can be traced back to early England
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appellate courts
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decisions made at general trial court may be appealed to appellate courts
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Statutory law
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written law, including state and federal constitutions legislative enactments, treaties of the federal government, and ordinances of local governments
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business law
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aspects of law that mist directly influence and regulate the management of business activity
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Inernational law
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numerous regulation that govern international commerce
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contract
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legally enforceable agreement between two or more parties regarding a specified act or thing
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agency
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legal relationship whereby one party, called a principal, appoints another party, called an agent, to enter into contracts with third parties on the Principal's behalf
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breach of contract
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violation of a valid contract
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damages
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financial payments to compensate for a loss and related suffering
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Uniform Commercial Code
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business law is based on UCC covers topics such as sales law, warranties and negotiable instruments
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Sales law
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governing the sale of goods or services for money or on credit
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negotiable instrument
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commercial paper that is transferable among individuals and businesses
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trademark
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consists of words,symbols or other designations used by firms to identity their offerings
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Patent
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guarantees an inventor exclusive right to an invention for 17 years
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copyright
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protects written or printed material such as books, designs cartoon illustration,photos computer software, music, and videos
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tort
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a civil wrong inflicted on another person or the person's property
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product liability
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to hold businesses liable for negligence in the design, manufacture, sale or use of products
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Class action Fairness Act of 2005
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imposes certain restriction on class-action lawsuits
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bankruptcy
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legal non payment of financial obligations
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tax
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assessment by a governmental unit
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