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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Convention on Political Rights of Women |
(1954) Article I - Women shall be entitled to vote in all elections on equal terms with men, without any discrimination Article II - Women shall be eligible for election to all publicly elected bodies, established by national law, on equal terms with men, without any discrimination Article III - women shall be entitled to hold public office and to exercise all public functions, established by national law, on equal terms with men, without any discrimination. p.207 |
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Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) |
(1979) Article 7 - States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to eliminate discrimination against women in the political and public life of the country and, in particular, shall ensure to women, on equal terms with men the right: (a) to vote in all elections and pubic referenda and to be eligible for election to all publicly elected bodies; (b) to participate in the formulation of government policy and the implementation thereof and to hold office and perform all public functions at all levels of government; (c) to participate in non-governmental organizations and associations concerned with the public and political life of the country. Article 8 - States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to ensure to women, on equal terms with men and without any discrimination, the opportunity to represent their Governments at the international level and to participate in the work of international organizations. p.207 |
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The Beijing Platform for Action |
(1995) Reaffirms the importance of women's equal participation in politics; acknowledges women's low levels of representation in formal politics, their leadership in "community and informal organizations," and their work in grassroots movements and non-governmental organizations; and identifies measures to "ensure women's equal access to and full participation in power structures and decision-making." P.207 |
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Informal Politics |
political actions including grassroots protests and political action organized by nongovernmental organizations P.208 |
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Formal Politics |
Institutionalized politics such as voting, parliaments and congresses, and heads of state. p.208 |
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Women's Suffrage |
a name for women's voting rights |
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Gender Realignment |
as traditional gender roles wane in a country, women's voting patterns shift from being more conservative than men's to aligning with men's to becoming more liberal than men's P.210 |
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Symbolic importance of women in politics |
Women's representation in these positions is consistent with the ideals of justice and equality at the heart of representative democracy, also because women's presence in governance improves both men's and women's assessments of women's capabilities and has been found to provide positive political role models for girls and women, leading to their greater political engagement. P.212 |
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Practical importance of women in politics |
Women's political representation make a difference in law and policy. If women are underrepresented in politics, then issues such as gender violence, reproductive rights, and women's health may be neglected. p.212 |
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Electoral System |
the procedure by which representatives are elected (PR, SMD, or mixed). p.214 |
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Party List/ proportional representation system (PL/PR) |
Electoral system wherein parties receive seats in proportion to the votes they receive and party lists and multimember districts are common. p.215 |
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Single Member District System |
Electoral system in which the winning candidate is the one with the most votes and there is only one seat per district. p.215 |
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Mixed System |
an electoral system with PR systems in some regions of the country and a plurality/majority system in others. p.215 |
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District Magnitude |
the size of the multimember district; the number of seats in the district p. 215 |
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Party Magnitude |
the number of seats a party expects to win in a district. p.215 |
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Electoral Reforms |
changes in the procedures by which representatives are elected such as quotas or the adoption of PL/PR systems p.216 |
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Quotas |
when an electoral system or party requires that a certain number of seats be reserved for women in a parliament or congress, or a certain percentage of party candidates are required to be women. p.216 |
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Zipper Quotas |
the alternating of equal numbers of women and men on party electoral lists p.218 |
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Reserved Seat Quotas |
a certain number of seats are reserved for women at the outset. p.218 |
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closed lists |
parties create candidate lists and voters have no influence on which candidates are elected p.218 |
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Constitutional Quotas |
quotas are mandated by a country's Constitution p.218 |
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Electoral Law Quotas |
quotas created through legislation p.218 |
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Political Literacy |
knowledge of the processes required for political participation p.219 |
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Political Surrogates |
women politicians who "stand-in" for a father or husband who was a national leader. p.222 |
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"Widow's walk to power" |
when women become leaders after their husbands are killed by natural or political causes and are expected to act as their husbands would p.222 |
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Political Insider |
women who earn their prime minister or president position through dedicated service to their party and by climbing the party's promotion ladder. p.226 |
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Maternalism |
Political activity that is an extension of women's role as wife and mother p.234 |
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Accidental Activism |
when women are drawn into politics because the safety and health of their families or communities is threatened p.235 |
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Essay Topic Ideological explanations for gender inequality in politics |
Explanations that suggest that traditional gender ideologies and culture are responsible for women's exclusion from politics. Includes: dominant image of women as wife/mother in private sphere; politics are stereotyped as male domain; men are more likely to pursue formal politics than women; traditional gender ideologies reduce the supply of potential women politicians because they lead to traditional gender role socialization, which reduces women's political interest and ambition as well as the likelihood they will have needed resources, experience, and skills to run; in gender role traditional cultures, women's responsibilities as wife and mother do not provide the time to run for an hold political office; because of traditional gender ideologies and gender roles, combining family responsibilities and political office are much more of an issue for women - men are not forced to make these choices; women are disadvantaged by the fact that political systems are run on the assumption that those who participate have no family responsibilities; traditional gender stereotypes suggest that men, not women, are more naturally suited for these roles; these ideologies also reduce political parties' support for women candidates. p.213-214 |
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Essay Topic Structural explanations for gender inequality in politics |
Explanations for gender differences in political representation that focus on how the structure of the political system, in particular, the electoral system, affects women's presence in representative politics. - Parties under SMD systems have believed that male candidates gave them the best chance of winning the district; male domination of political parties led to reluctance to support women candidates over male candidates; party leaders tend to be men and tend to put themselves at the top of the lists to ensure their election P. 214-215 |
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Essay Topic Strategies to improve women's political participation |
1. Increase women's political literacy 2. Adopt electoral system reforms such as PL/PLR and quotas 3. Change gender ideology 4. Feminist funding and mentoring of women candidates. p.216 |
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Essay Topic Women leaders' path to power |
1. Kinship - daughters or wives of political figures who attain office 2.Political Surrogates/ Widows walk - wives and daughters who stand-in for their husbands/fathers who were killed by natural or political causes and are expected to act as their husbands/fathers would. 3. Political Insiders - women who earn their prime minister or president position through dedicated service to their party and by climbing the party's promotion ladder 4. some women executives have come to power as their countries recover from brutal dictatorships, corrupt governments, or transition to democracy. p.222-228 |
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Essay Topic Gender differences in leadership |
Women's policy agendas and style of leadership are diverse and often challenge gender-based notions of feminine values and behavior. Many women do not hesitate to use the military against domestic protesters or go to war to defend territorial interests. Some women world leaders do fit the feminist image of peacemaker and ethical leader. Female leaders are also not more likely than male leaders to exhibit a democratic leadership style. Many feminists believe that there are no clear-cut gender executive leadership differences because female leaders are so aware of their precarious hold on power that they feel compelled to lead as men would. The fact that the behavior of female world leaders is not strikingly different from male behavior could be because leadership, male or female, is more influenced by situational factors and personality than it is by gender. p.229-232 |
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Essay Topic Issues that draw women into social protest |
- A feminist perspective on women in world politics sees women as engaged in politics when they are working to prevent rape, to stop female genital cutting and dowry deaths, and to influence how development aid is allocated. 1. issues linked to the economic survival of themselves and their children 2. issues related to nationalist and racial/ethnic struggles 3. issues addressing broad humanistic/nurturing problems (peace & environment) 4. issues identified as women's rights issues p.234 |
