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30 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Radicals are what?
Radicals are groups of atoms which act like a single unit and have valence.
What is OH?
Forms of the hydroxyl radical which create alcholos when added to an aliphatic or an alicylic compound and phenols when added to an aromatic compound
What is COOH?
COOH is the carboxyl radical which create acids when added to an organic compound
**What is the general formula for an organic acid?
R COOH
an organic acid
What is the general formula for an alcohol?
ROH
**Name some of the oganic radicals (7)
Bicarbonate (HCO3)
Phosphate (PO4)
Sulfate (SO4)
Hydroxyl (OH)
Ammonium (NH4)
Carbonate (CO3)
Nitrate (NO3)
What is the general formula for an ether?
R-O-R
In anesthesia practice today, our inhalation agents are of 2 basic types. What are they?
Halothane (a halogenated alkane), which has an ethane base and is not much used in this country...
and Forane, Desflurane and Sevoflurane, which are ethyl methyl ethers
Is Halothane an ether?
No, it is not an ether because it has no oxygen
An acid and a base will form what in the neutralization process?
A salt and water.
The simplest example is
HCL + NaOH = NaCl and H2O.

A clinical example would be 2 NaOH and H2CO3 in the CO2 absorber forming Na2CO3 and 2H2O. (a salt and a water).
An organic acid and an organic alcohol will react to form what?
an ester and water.

Ex:
RCOOH + ROH = RCOOR and H2O
organic acid + organic alcohol yeilds an ester and water
** It is very important to distinguish between amide and ester local anesthetics. Amides are metabolized where?
Esters are metabolized by??
Amides are metabolized by the liver. (CP450 system)
Esters are metabolized by esterase metabolism (in blood)
Esters are more allergenic than amides. Why?
Because esters have the para-amino benzoic acid (PABA)base...they are more allergenic than amides. True incidence of allergic reactions to local anesthetics are rare.
Esters have what kind of chemical configuration as compared with amides?
If you want to distinguish between and ester and an amide, look at the pivot chain between the benzene ring of the ester and the carbone/amine chain of the amide.
What 2 important structures do we look for in narcotic analgesics? What is the difference?
Phenanthrenes and Piperidines.
Phenanthrenes are from nature. Piperidines are man made
Phenanthrenes for the base for many of our drugs....which ones?
Narcotic analgesics, like morphine, codeine, dilaudid, etc.
Narcotic antagonists and non-narcotic agonists/antagonists.
The Piperidine ring is found in which drugs?
Demerol, Fentanyl, Sufenta
Replacing the CH3 radical on the tertiary amine of the morphine-like structures with an allyl radical (C-C=C) will produce what group of drugs?
narcotic antagonists
(Narcan)
what are the pure narcotic antagonists?
N allyl oxymorphone or Naloxone or Narcan and Naltrexone are pure narcotic antagonists. The others, Nalline and Lorfan, exert their antagonistic effects by being weak agonists; an important concept in emergency medicine if you are not sure what is causing the respiratory depression you are trying to reverse. Nalorphine (Nalline) and Levallorphan (Lorfan) act as mu-receptors blockers.
What forms the bases of all barbiturates?
Malonic acid and the Di-amide urea will form malonyl urea or barbituric acid and water...this is the basis of all barbiturates
Replacing the oxygen on Carbon 2 with a sulfur will form a group of ultraa short acting barbiturates known as___?
Thiobarbiturates. Surital and pentothal are prime examples. Oxy barbiturates tend to be longer acting. One notable exception is methohexital (Brevital), an ultra-short acting oxy barbiturate
The term thiobarbiturate means what?
Its a sulfa
Nitorgen can either have a valence of 3 or 5. Why is this interesting?
When Nitrogen (N) has a valence of 3, it forms compounds known as amines. Pentavalent N forms Quaternary Ammoniums Tertiary Amines are present in CNS depressants and other drugs which easily cross the blood brain barrier and the placental membrane.
What are some of the quaternary Ammoniums?
Robinul and non-depolarizing muscle relaxants.
ATropine is what?
A tertiary amine. It will pass the BBB and pt will become confused.
Discuss some of the characteristics of quaternary ammoniums
They carry a permanent positive charge.

Positively charged particles will not pass through membranes easily, if at all.

Quaternary ammoniums carry a 4th nitrogen
Make 1 liter of a 2% NaCl solution.
2% means 20mg/ml
2Gm/100cc
500cc= 10Gm
1 liter = 20Gm
Molarity means?
moles/liter
Molality means?
moles/kg
Normality means?
# of particles