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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Radicals are what?
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Radicals are groups of atoms which act like a single unit and have valence.
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What is OH?
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Forms of the hydroxyl radical which create alcholos when added to an aliphatic or an alicylic compound and phenols when added to an aromatic compound
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What is COOH?
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COOH is the carboxyl radical which create acids when added to an organic compound
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**What is the general formula for an organic acid?
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R COOH
an organic acid |
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What is the general formula for an alcohol?
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ROH
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**Name some of the oganic radicals (7)
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Bicarbonate (HCO3)
Phosphate (PO4) Sulfate (SO4) Hydroxyl (OH) Ammonium (NH4) Carbonate (CO3) Nitrate (NO3) |
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What is the general formula for an ether?
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R-O-R
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In anesthesia practice today, our inhalation agents are of 2 basic types. What are they?
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Halothane (a halogenated alkane), which has an ethane base and is not much used in this country...
and Forane, Desflurane and Sevoflurane, which are ethyl methyl ethers |
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Is Halothane an ether?
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No, it is not an ether because it has no oxygen
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An acid and a base will form what in the neutralization process?
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A salt and water.
The simplest example is HCL + NaOH = NaCl and H2O. A clinical example would be 2 NaOH and H2CO3 in the CO2 absorber forming Na2CO3 and 2H2O. (a salt and a water). |
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An organic acid and an organic alcohol will react to form what?
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an ester and water.
Ex: RCOOH + ROH = RCOOR and H2O organic acid + organic alcohol yeilds an ester and water |
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** It is very important to distinguish between amide and ester local anesthetics. Amides are metabolized where?
Esters are metabolized by?? |
Amides are metabolized by the liver. (CP450 system)
Esters are metabolized by esterase metabolism (in blood) |
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Esters are more allergenic than amides. Why?
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Because esters have the para-amino benzoic acid (PABA)base...they are more allergenic than amides. True incidence of allergic reactions to local anesthetics are rare.
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Esters have what kind of chemical configuration as compared with amides?
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If you want to distinguish between and ester and an amide, look at the pivot chain between the benzene ring of the ester and the carbone/amine chain of the amide.
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What 2 important structures do we look for in narcotic analgesics? What is the difference?
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Phenanthrenes and Piperidines.
Phenanthrenes are from nature. Piperidines are man made |
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Phenanthrenes for the base for many of our drugs....which ones?
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Narcotic analgesics, like morphine, codeine, dilaudid, etc.
Narcotic antagonists and non-narcotic agonists/antagonists. |
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The Piperidine ring is found in which drugs?
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Demerol, Fentanyl, Sufenta
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Replacing the CH3 radical on the tertiary amine of the morphine-like structures with an allyl radical (C-C=C) will produce what group of drugs?
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narcotic antagonists
(Narcan) |
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what are the pure narcotic antagonists?
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N allyl oxymorphone or Naloxone or Narcan and Naltrexone are pure narcotic antagonists. The others, Nalline and Lorfan, exert their antagonistic effects by being weak agonists; an important concept in emergency medicine if you are not sure what is causing the respiratory depression you are trying to reverse. Nalorphine (Nalline) and Levallorphan (Lorfan) act as mu-receptors blockers.
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What forms the bases of all barbiturates?
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Malonic acid and the Di-amide urea will form malonyl urea or barbituric acid and water...this is the basis of all barbiturates
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Replacing the oxygen on Carbon 2 with a sulfur will form a group of ultraa short acting barbiturates known as___?
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Thiobarbiturates. Surital and pentothal are prime examples. Oxy barbiturates tend to be longer acting. One notable exception is methohexital (Brevital), an ultra-short acting oxy barbiturate
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The term thiobarbiturate means what?
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Its a sulfa
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Nitorgen can either have a valence of 3 or 5. Why is this interesting?
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When Nitrogen (N) has a valence of 3, it forms compounds known as amines. Pentavalent N forms Quaternary Ammoniums Tertiary Amines are present in CNS depressants and other drugs which easily cross the blood brain barrier and the placental membrane.
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What are some of the quaternary Ammoniums?
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Robinul and non-depolarizing muscle relaxants.
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ATropine is what?
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A tertiary amine. It will pass the BBB and pt will become confused.
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Discuss some of the characteristics of quaternary ammoniums
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They carry a permanent positive charge.
Positively charged particles will not pass through membranes easily, if at all. Quaternary ammoniums carry a 4th nitrogen |
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Make 1 liter of a 2% NaCl solution.
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2% means 20mg/ml
2Gm/100cc 500cc= 10Gm 1 liter = 20Gm |
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Molarity means?
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moles/liter
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Molality means?
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moles/kg
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Normality means?
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# of particles
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