Bulgaria, Romania, Other Europe

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Bulgaria location/climate

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South of Romania, north of Greece, northwest of Turkey. The Black Sea defines Bulgaria's eastern border.

Climate is Continental with influence from the Black Sea

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Bulgaria appellation system

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-Est. 1978, term 'Reserve' added '85 for DGO or Controliran wines of 'superior' quality. Wine divided into 3 categories with a number of subdivisions:
-Standard Wine: The least strictly controlled category. Wines don't need to come from a specified region. Declaration of origin and grape variety is made by producer and is not verified by authorities.
-High Quality Wine: This category is subdivided
1. Wines w/out declared origin, but with declared variety or registered brand name.
2. DGO: Declared Geographical Origin. This in turn is divided into smaller regions, towns, or villages.
3. Controliran: Highest quality. Equiv. to French AC. Specified grapes from a qualified region
-Special Wine: Covers sparkling wines, liqueur wines, and fruit wines.

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Bulgaria viticultural regions

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(5)
-Tschernomorski Raion (Eastern or Black Sea Region)
-Dunavska Raunina (Northern or Danube Plain Region)
-Podbalanski Raiou (Sub-Balkan Region)
-Thraiiska Nizina (Southern Region or Thracian Valley
-Jolinaka Struma (Southwestern Region or Struma Valley)

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Tschernomorski Raion

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-Tschernomorski Raion (Eastern or Black Sea Region), Bulgaria

-30% of national production. Climate moderated by proximity to the Black Sea.

-Controliran and DGO wines from: Novi Pazar, Preslav, Shumen, and Varna. Controliran Chardonnay from Novi Pazar has a reputation.

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Dunavska Raunina

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-Dunavska Raunina (Northern or Danube Plain Region), Bulgaria

-Generally Coninental climate and slightly cooler than the southern part of the country.

-Known for top-quality Cabernet Sauvignon from Suhindol, Bulgaria's best selling Cab Sauv. *important*

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Podbalanski Raiou

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-Podbalanski Raiou (Sub-Balkan Region), Bulgaria

-Not an important area for export. Most wine is distilled for vermouth procution.

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Thraiiska Nizina

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-Thraiiska Nizina (Southern Region or Thracian Valley), Bulgaria

-Lots of bulk wine production, but some very good quality reds from Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, and Mavrud. Assenovgrad Merlot has a good reputation.

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Jolinaka Struma

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-Jolinaka Struma (Southwestern Region or Struma Valley), Bulgaria

-Region is named after the Struma region. Centered around the town of Melnik, which is also the name of a local grape variety.

-Lots of white from Rkatziteli. Good quality Cabernet Sauvignon and Melnik.

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Bulgaria varietal overview

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-50% production from int'l varieties, mainly Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Pinot Noir, Riesling, Chard, Sauv. Blanc, Welschriesling

-Native red varieties: Gamza, Mayrud, Melnik, Pamid, Red Misket

-Native white varieties: Misket, Dimiat, Rkatsiteli

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Romania overview

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-5th largest area under vine in Europe

-Continental climate with extreme winters and hot summers. Black Sea and Carpathian Mountains moderate the climate.

-Due to French influence, many French varieties planted post-Phylloxera.

-Replanting of indigenous varieties occurred under Communist rule: Fetească Neagră, Fetească Alba, Fetească Regala, Babeaska, Tamioasa (aka Frankincense), and Grasă.

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-Dealul Mare
-Tamave
-Murfatlar
-Cotnari

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Romanian Appellations:

-Dealul Mare: Means ‘Big Hill’. One of the best areas in Romania for red grapes, e.g. Pinot Noir, Cab, Merlot

-Tamave: Cool area on plateau of Transylvania, mostly for white wines. Fetească Alba, Muscat, and Gewurztraminer are the main white varieties.

-Murfatlar: Warmer region known for late-harvest wines. Developing reputation for soft reds and rich, dry whites.

-Cotnari: Botrytis-affected sweet whites from the Grasă grape. Grasă means ‘fat’. Other varieties are used: Tamaioasa, Francusa, and Fetească Alba.

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Cyprus Overview

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-5000 year history of winemaking
-Commanderia is supposedly one of the world's oldest wines, traced back as early as 1191 A.D.
-Climate is very hot, cooler in mountainous interior
-2 grape varieties cover 85% of the vineyard area: Mavro and Xynisteri. Some Muscat is also grown.

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Commandaria

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-Cyprus's most famous wine, from the Cyprus-Troodos mountains.

-A red, sweet fortified wine made in a sherry style.

-Made from red and white raisinated grapes from 14 villages on the lower slopes of the Troodos.

-Made either as simple commercial dessert wine, or legendary liquorous wine (extremely concentrated, with 4x as much sugar as Port.

-Grapes are Mavro (black) and Xynisteri (white), sun-dried, and solera-aged.

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Romanian appellations

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Sources list only 7 (1&2 sometimes grouped, 6&7 often grouped, 9 not always recognized)

1. Maramures: Silvonia
2. Crisana: Minis
3. Transylvania: Tarnave
4. Moldavia: Cotnari
5. Banat
6. Oltenia: Dragasani
7: Muntenia: Dealul Mare
8: Dobrogea: Murfatlar
9: Danube Terraces: Oltina

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Slovenia

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-Rising star among winemaking countries of the Western Balkans

Divided into:
-Kontinentalna Slovenija (Inland Slovenia)

-Primorska Slovenija (Coastal Slovenia)

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Kontinentalna Slovenija

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Kontinentalna Slovenija: Squeezed between Austria, Hungary, and Croatia are 2 primary regions and many subregions. Primary regions:

-Podravina
1. Best sub-region: Lutomer (aka Lutomer-Oroske) **

-Posavina

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Name one region in the Caucasus Mountains.

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Khartli

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Refusco & Rotgipfler are known as what in Primorska Slovinija?

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Refusco – Teran

Rotgipfler – Zelen

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Georgia viticultural regions

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(5)
-Imereti
-Kakheti
-Kartli
-Racha-Lechkhumi
-Humid Sub-Tropic Zone

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Pinot Gris synonym- Slovakia

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Rulandske

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Most widely planted varietal in Russia

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Rkatsitelli

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Saparavi

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Literally, "paint, dye". One of two grape varieties used to make Georgian wine. It produces substantial deep red wines that are suitable for extended aging, perhaps up to fifty years. Saperavi has the potential to produce high alcohol levels and is used extensively for blending with other lesser varieties. It is the most important grape variety used to make Georgian red wines.

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Primary regions of Serbia

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(3) **

-Servia
-Kosovo
-Vojvodina

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Caucasus Mountains location

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Georgia, former Soviet Union

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-Plechistick
-Pukhljakovsky
-Tsimiyanky

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All are Russian grape varieties

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-Smederevka
-Prokupac

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Both are Serbian grape varieties.

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Czech Republic

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Better known for beer. Winemaking regions include:

-Moravia
-Bohemia

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Ukraine

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-Best growing region is Crimea.

-Produces 'The Ruby of Crimea' from Saperavi, Matrassa, Aleatika, Cabernet, and Malbec

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Confederate Independent States

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-(CIS)
-An international organization, or alliance, consisting of 11 former Soviet Republics: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan.
-Most widely grown grapes are Rkatsitelli (white) and Saperavi (red).

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Croatia

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-Most vineyards destroyed during conflicts
-1st Croatian appellation to be protected by law was Dingac Plavac Mali on the Pelijesac Peninsula

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Dingac Plavac Mali

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1st Croatian appellation to be protected by law

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Luxembourg

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Best grapes are Rivaner (aka Müller-Thurgau), Ebling, and Auxerrois

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The Levant

-Turkey
-Syria
-Israel
-Egypt
-Jorden

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-Turkey: Most grapes used for fresh fruit consumption. Only 3% used for wine.
-Syria: Mostly table grapes.
-Israel: Galilee is the premier region. Best grapes are from Golan Heights. Carmel, Israel's oldest and largest company, accounts for over 55% of total production.
-Egypt: Avoid these wines at all costs.
-Jordan: Prefer Arrack

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Chateau Musar

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Lebanon. Made in the Bekaa Valley from Cabernet Sauvignon, Cinsault, and Syrah. Tastes like a cross between Bordeaux and Southern Rhône.

Chateau Kefraya in Lebanon also makes wines of note.

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Ireland

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The only vine that can be cultivated here is Reichensteiner

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England

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-Grape varieties: Seyval Blanc, Reichensteiner, Bacchus.

-Nyetimber and Ridgeview, two Sussex-based producers, are producing excellent Champagne-method sparkling wine.

-Counties: East Sussex, West Sussex, Kent, London South, Surrey, Dorset, Avon, Wales, Norfolk, Suffolk.

-Other important info?

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Important Romanian Appellations

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Cotnari: Botrytis from Grasa grape.
Dealul Mare: Means 'Big Hill". Best area for reds
Murfatlar: Warm region. Known for late-harvest wines
Tarnave: Cool area in Transylvania. Good Sauv. Blanc

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Cotnari

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Romanian appellation (NE)

Botrytis-affected sweet wines from the Grasa grape. Grasa means 'fat'.

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Israel

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Galilee is the best region. The best grapes are from Golan Heights.

Israel's oldest and largest winery, Carmel, accounts for over 55% of total production.

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Lebanon: Chateaux

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-Chateau Musa: Made in the Bekaa Valley from Cabernet Sauvignon, Cinsault, and Syrah. Tastes like a Bordeaux/Southern Rhone blend.

-Chateau Kefraya: Also makes quality wines.

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The Ruby of Crimea

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Ukraine

Robust, rustic, full-bodied dry red wine.

Saperavi, Matrassa, Aleatika, Cabernet Sauvignon, Malbec

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Czech Republic Regions

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-Moravia
-Bohemia

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-Rebula

-Sipon

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Rebula: A white wine made in Primorska Solvenija

Sipon: A grape grown in Kontinental Slovenija (probably the same grape as Furmint).

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Where is the area of the Caucusus Mountains? Name one region

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In Georgia, former Soviet Union

-Khartli

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Slovenia Appellations

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-Kontinentalna Slovenija (Inland)
--Podravina
--Posavnia (best subregion is Lutomer)

-Primorska Slovenija (Coastal)

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What is unique about Massandra Cellars? Where is it located?

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An aging facility built in the 19th century for the Russian Imperial Court. It is located in Crimea in the Ukraine and acts as a hub for 25 wineries. It is famous for some incredible fortified wines.

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Refusco and Rotgipfler synonyms in Primorska Slovenija

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Refusco- Grape is known as 'Refosk'. Wine is known as Teran**

Rotgipfler- Grape is known as 'Zelen'**. A natural cross of Trminer and Roter Veltliner.

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Rebula

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White grape of Slovenia.

The most widely-cultivated grape Primorje Region. Moderate in alcohol and acid. Consume young.

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Flysch

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Sandstone soil found in NE Italy and some eastern European countries, specifically Slovenia.

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Sipon

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aka Furmint

Thought to be originally from Slovenia. Good for dry still, late harvest, and even ice wine. High in both acid and aromatics.

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Pinot Gris synonym in Slovakia

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Rulandske

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Most widely planted grape in Russia.

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Rkatsitelli (white)

Primary red is Saperavi

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Belgium: Appellations

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3 AC's:
-Hageland
-Haspergow
-Cotes de Sambres et Meuse

2 VDP's:
-Flanders
-Walloon

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Name 4 countries through which the Danube flows

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-Germany
-Austria
-Slovakia
-Hungary

g.a.s.h.

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Luxembourg

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1 AC:
-Moselle Luxembourgeoise

105 Oe- Vendange Tardive (95 deg for Riesling)
130 Oe- Vin de Paille

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3 Primary Regions of Serbia

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-Servia
-Kosovo
-Vojvodina

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Slovakia grapes

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-Ezerjo
-Leanyka
-Ryskirizling
-Vlasskyrizling

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Ukraine: Best growing regions

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Crimea (krym)

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Rkatziteli pronunciation

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Pronounced 'Kris-talee'

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What country has wines: Ezerjo, Leanyka, Rynski, Rizling, Vlasskyrizling

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Slovakia

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Murfatlar

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Warm region, Romania known for late-harvest wines.

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Where would you find Plechisick, Pukhljakovsky, Rkatsitelli, Tsimiyanky?

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Russia

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Viticultural regions of Georgia

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(5)

-Humid Subtropic Zone
-Imereti
-Kakheti
-Kartli
-Racha-Lechkhumi

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Largest wine producer in England

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Denbies (in Surrey County)

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England (& Ireland)

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Grapes: Madelaine Angevine, Triomphe, Reichensteiner

Counties: East Sussex, West Sussex, Kent, London South, Surrey, Dorset, Avion, Wales, Norfolk, Suffolk

The only grape that can be cultivated in Ireland is Reichensteiner

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Russia : Main Regions

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(6)

-Chechnya
-Dagestan
-Kabardino-Balkariya
-Krosnodar
-Rostov
-Stavropal

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1948 Aleatiko

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From the Massandra Winery in Crimea, Ukraine.

Aleatiko is the grape. Produces a tawny-colored dessert wine with coffee, mocha, and hazelnut aromas. Very high acid, carries a long finish.

Aleatiko: tawny, acid

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1947 Dagor

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From the Massandra Winery, in Crimea, Ukraine.

A fortified Malbec wine similar to Port. Rich and sweet, reminiscent of toffee, coffee, and dried fruits. Silky smooth and incredibly rich with firm acidity to balance and carry the finish.

Dagor= 'Ca-hors'= Malbec (Port)