Buck A&p Chapter 9

Front 1

Joint

Back 1

articulation, place of contact between bones, between bones and cartilage, bones and teeth

Front 2

Arthrology

Back 2

study of joints

Front 3

Structural Classifications

Back 3

Fibrous joint, Cartilaginous joint, Synovial joint

Front 4

Fibrous joint

Back 4

no joint cavity, bones held together by dense regular (fibrous) ct

Front 5

Cartilaginous joint

Back 5

no joint cavity, bones joined by cartilage

Front 6

Synovial joint

Back 6

fluid filled cavity separates articulating surfaces of bones, bones attached to each other via ligaments

Front 7

Functional Classifications:

Back 7

Synarthrosis joints, Amphiarthrosis joints, Diarthrosis joints

Front 8

Synarthrosis joints

Back 8

immobile joint, two types of fibrous joints and one type of cartilaginous joint

Front 9

Amphiarthrosis joints

Back 9

slightly mobile joint, one type of fibrous joint and one type of cartilaginous joint

Front 10

Diarthrosis joints

Back 10

freely mobile joint, all synovial joints

Front 11

Types of Fibrous Joints

Back 11

primary function to hold together bones, no joint cavity

gomphoses, sutures, sydesmoses

Front 12

Gomphoses

Back 12

peg in a socket joint, Teeth within sockets of mandible and maxillae- synarthrosis joint

Front 13

Sutures

Back 13

joining of bones, sutures in the skull

o Sutures among cranial bones

Front 14

Syndesmoses

Back 14

articulating bones are joined by long strands of dense regular ct, amphiarthroses

Radius and ulna joint

o Tibia and fibula joint

Front 15

Types of Cartilaginous Joints

Back 15

joints have cartilage (hyaline or fibrocartilage) between the articulating bones, also lack joint cavity, could me immobile or slightly mobile

synchondroses, symphyses

Front 16

Synchondroses

Back 16

articulation of hyaline cartilage, immobile, synarthrosis

o Epiphyseal plate in children

o Sternum and first rib joint

Front 17

Symphyses

Back 17

articulation of fibrocartilage, amphiarthroses, acts as a resilient shock absorber

o Pubic symphysis

o Intervertebral discs

Front 18

Types of Synovial Joints

Back 18

- freely movable articulations, most commonly known joints are synovial, all are diarthrosis (freely movable)

Front 19

All synovial joints contain

Back 19

Articular capsule,

Joint cavity,

Synovial fluid, Ligaments, nerves, blood vessels, Tendons, and bursa

Front 20

articular capsule

Back 20

double layered capsule

o Fibrous layer-

o Synovial membrane-

Front 21

Fibrous layer of articular capsule

Back 21

dense connective tissue, strengthens joint

Front 22

synovial membrane of articular capsule

Back 22

areolar connective tissue, produce synovial fluid

Front 23

Joint cavity

Back 23

space permits separation of articulating bones

Front 24

Synovial fluid

Back 24

viscous, oily substance, composed of secretions from the synovial membrane and filtrate from blood plasma

o Lubricates articular cartilage

o Nourishes chondrocytes in articular cartilage

o Acts as shock absorber

· Articular cartilage-

o Reduces friction

o Spongy cushion absorb compression

o Prevents damage to articulating surface of bone

Front 25

Ligaments

Back 25

dense regular connective tissue, connect bone to bone

o Stabilize

o Strengthen

o Reinforce joints

§ Extrinsic ligaments-

§ Intrinsic ligaments-

Front 26

Extrinsic ligaments

Back 26

separate from joint capsule

Front 27

intrinsic ligaments

Back 27

thickenings of articular capsule

Front 28

Nerves

Back 28

supply the articular capsule and ligaments

Front 29

Blood vessels

Back 29

supply the articular capsule and ligaments

Front 30

Tendons

Back 30

dense regular connective tissue, not part of synovial joint, attaches muscle to bone, upon muscle contraction the tendons pull on bone and create movement, help stabilize joints

Front 31

Bursa

Back 31

fibrous, saclike structure containing synovial fluid, alleviate friction such as when a tendon or ligament rub against bone

Front 32

Classification of Synovial Joints

Back 32

3 axes of movement- uniaxial, biaxial, multiaxial

Front 33

Uniaxial-

Back 33

bone move in one plane

Front 34

Biaxial

Back 34

bone moves in two planes or axes

Front 35

Multiaxial-

Back 35

movement in multiple planes or axes

Front 36

Classified base on mobility from least to most mobile

Back 36

1. plane joints

2. hinge joints

3 pivot joints.

4. condylar joints

5. saddle joints

6. ball and socket joints

Front 37

Plane joints

Back 37

uniaxial, intercarpal and intertarsal joints hand and foot

Front 38

hinge joints

Back 38

uniaxial knee finger joints elbow joints

Front 39

pivot joints

Back 39

uniaxial radius-ulnar joint first two cervical vertebrae

Front 40

condylar joints

Back 40

biaxial, metacarpophalangeal joints knuckles

Front 41

saddle joints

Back 41

biaxial carpometacarpal joint thumb

Front 42

ball and socket joint

Back 42

multiaxial, hip, shoulder

Front 43

Synovial joint movement and muscle contraction can be visualized as a lever system in which the

Back 43

Lever- elongated, rigid object rotating around a fixed point, example: long bone

Fulcrum- a fixed point, this would be the joint

Front 44

movement provided by synovial joints

Back 44

flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, supination, pronation, inversion, eversion, elevation, depression, circumduction, rotation, gliding

Front 45

flexion

Back 45

To flex is to decrease the angle between two bones by bringing them close together. (try flexing your arm

Front 46

Extension

Back 46

To extend is to increase the angle between two bones by straightening the joint.

To hyperextend is to go beyond the 180° position after you flex it (example: head and neck)

Front 47

Abduction

Back 47

To abduct is to move the limb away from the midline (like "kidnap" = taking a limb away).

Front 48

Adduction

Back 48

To adduct is to move the limb back toward the midline

Front 49

Supination

Back 49

Supinating is turning the palm to face anteriorly

Front 50

Pronation

Back 50

Pronating the hand is to turn the hand outward with the palm facing posteriorly. (example: Queen Elizabeth wave)

Front 51

Inversion

Back 51

To invert the foot is to bring the sole of the foot inward

Front 52

Eversion

Back 52

To evert means to move the soles of feet outward

Front 53

Elevation

Back 53

To elevate means to raise. To perform this motion, the bone is raised.

Front 54

Depression

Back 54

To depress the bone means to lower it.

(example: mandible, rib cage while breathing)

Front 55

Circumduction

Back 55

This is when the distal end of the limb moves in a circle.

Front 56

Rotation

Back 56

This is a turning movement of a bone on its own axis

Front 57

Gliding

Back 57

One flat bone surface slips over another bone without any real movement. (example: carpals in the wrist, tarsals in the ankle

Front 58

Temporaomandibular joint (TMJ

Back 58

- articulation of mandible with temporal bone, only mobile joint between the bones of skull

Front 59

TMJ disorders

Back 59

typically occurs in people who grind or clench their teeth, popping or clicking noise heard as they open and close mouth

Front 60

Sternoclavicular joint

Back 60

shoulder joint, joint between the sternal end of clavicle and the manubrium of sternum, allows wide range of movement

Front 61

Acromioclavicular joint

Back 61

acromium of scapulae and lateral end of clavicle

Front 62

Shoulder separation

Back 62

dislocation of acromioclavicular joint as a result of a blow to joint acromium will appear very prominent

Front 63

Glenohumeral joint

Back 63

shoulder joint ball and socket joint between head of humerus and the glenoid cavity of scapula

Dislocations of glenohumeral joint common, head of humerus pops out of the glenoid cavity

Front 64

Knee Joint

Back 64

- largest and most complex of diarthrosis, two separate articulations, tibiofemoral joint, patellodemoral joint, composed of several ligaments including the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), also the lateral and medial meniscus

ACL tear common due to the ligament being one of the weakest, caused if the leg is hyperextended

Front 65

Sprain

Back 65

the ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn

- common locations are lumbar, knee, ankle)

Front 66

Strain

Back 66

the ligaments are pulled and injured but not as severely as a sprain

Front 67

Arthralgia

Back 67

a pain in the joint

- pain in the neck = cervical arthralgia

- sacroiliac arthralgia

Front 68

Arthritis

Back 68

inflammation of the joints --> inflammatory disease that damages the joints and causes pain, swelling, and stiffness

Front 69

Rheumatoid arthritis

Back 69

more prevalent in women seen, age of onset 40-50, pain and swelling of joints, muscle weakness

Front 70

Dislocation

Back 70

the bone is forced out of its normal position in the joint cavity

- common in shoulder, thumb, TMJ

- to repair, the dislocation must be reduced in the same way the bone ends of a fracture are realigned.

- common in children

- sacrifice mice by cervical dislocation