Buck A&p Ch 6

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Integument

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skin that covers your body, skin also known as cutaneous membrane

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The integumentary system consists of the skin and its derivatives

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nails, hair, sweat glands, and sebaceous (oil) glands

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Scientific study of the integumentary system is termed

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dermatology

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Composition of Integument

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Includes all tissue types that were discussed in chapter 5

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Surface covered by

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epithelium

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Strength and resilience provided by

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connective tissue

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Hair follicles associated with

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smooth muscle

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Detection and monitoring information in relation to touch, temperature, pressure, pain

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nervous system

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Layers of skin

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epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous layer

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Epidermis

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stratified squamous epithelium

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dermis

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dense irregular connective tissue

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subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)

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areolar and adipose tissue (not part of integumentary system)

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Epidermis

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epithelium of the integument, keratinized squamous epithelium, consists of several layers or strata

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Stratum basale

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deepest layer, cuboidal to low columnar cells attached to underlying basement membrane, cells found within basale layers consist of Keratinocytes, melanocytes, tactile cells (merkel cells)

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Keratinocytes

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most abundant cell type in the epidermis, keratinocyte stem cells divide to generate new cells replacing dead keratinocytes, synthesize keratin (protein that strengthens epidermis

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melanocytes

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scattered in this layer, produce the melanin pigment in response to UV exposure, cytoplasmic processes transfer melanosomes into keratinocytes, melanin protects the nuclear DNA from damage

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Tactile cells (merkel cells)

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few and found scattered around within this layer, sensitive to touch and upon compression release chemicals that stimulate sensory nerve endings

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Stratum spinosum

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spiny layer, receives the newly divided keratinocyte, cells within this layer attach to their neighbors by desmosomes

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epidermal dendritic cells (Langerhans)

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immune cells fight infection in epidermis

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Stratum Granulosum

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granular layer consists of three to five layers of keratinocytes, keratinization begins in this layer (keratinocytes fill up with keratin protein causing the nucleus and organelles to disintegrate and leads to cell death) cell is strong with keratin but dead

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Stratum Lucidum

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hornlike layer most superficial layer 20-30 layers of dead keratinized anucleate cells

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Keratinocyte half life is of about

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1 month

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Thick skin

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palms of hands, soles of feet, consists of all 5 strata, 0.4mm-0.6mm thick, no hair follicles and sebaceous glands but does have sweat glands

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Thin skin

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covers most of the body, lacks stratum lucidum, contains hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, 0.075-0.150mm thick

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Skin Color

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Determined by 3 pigm

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Hemoglobin

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an oxygen-binding protein present in erythroctyes of blood, bright color red when oxygenated

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Melanin

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pigment produced by melanocytes, brown, black, tan and yellow-brown shades, amount of melanin determined by heredity and light exposure, we all have same number of melanocytes, activity and color is different darker skinned individuals have more melanin and darker melanin being produced than lighter-skinned individuals (exposure to light stimulates melanocytes to make more melanin)

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Carotene

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yellow-orange pigment, received from various yellow-orange vegetables, carrots, corn and squashes, accumulates inside keratinocytes of stratum corneum and in subcutaneous fat, it is converted into Vitamin A important for vision

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Skin Markings

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nervus, freckles, hamongioma, friction ridges

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Nevus

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or mole localized overgrowth of melanin-forming cells, could become malignant as a consequence of UV exposure

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Freckles

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yellowish or brown spots represent areas of increased melanocyte activity, dependent upon both sun exposure and heredity

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Hemangioma

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anomaly that results in skin discoloration (looks like red moe) due to blood vessels that proliferate to form benign tumor

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Capillary hemangiomas

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strawberry-colored birthmarks, typically present at birth disappear in childhood

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Cavernous hemangiomas

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port-wine stains, larger dermal blood vessels and may last a lifetime

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Friction ridges

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contours of skin arranged in particular patterns, found on fingers (fingerprints), palms, soles, toes, formed from folds and valleys of the dermis and epidermis, increase friction, each individual has unique pattern of friction ridges this allows for matching of prints

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Dermis

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deep to the epidermis ranges from 0.5mm-3.0mm, connective tissue proper, mostly collagen fibers but also elastic and reticular fibers, dendritic cells, blood vessels, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair follicles, nail roots, sensory nerve endings, arrector pili, consists of 2 lay

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Papillary layer

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superficial region of dermis, areolar, has dermal papillae (projections of dermis that interdigitate with epidermal ridges), dermal papillae supply the epidermis with nutrients

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Reticular layer

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deeper and forms the majority of dermis, dense irregular ct, collagen fibers that surround hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, nerves, blood vessels

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Lines of Cleavage

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Collagen and elastic fibers found in our skin are oriented in parallel bundles at specific body locations, function of bundles is to resist stress, lines of skin represent the orientation of collagen fiber bundles,

Lines of cleavage are clinically and surgically important, surgeons study these lines upon making incisions and make incisions parallel to cleavage lines because this allow for rapid healing and prevention of scarring

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Stretch mark

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occur when stretching of skin is excessive such as in pregnancy or weight gain, the collagen fibers can't withstand such stretch and tear causing striae

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Tatooing

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consists of injecting ink into the dermis, since the cells in the dermis do not turn over rapidly the ink remains in the area for a long time

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Dermis

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is highly innervated (nervous system) and highly vascularized

Innervation allows for our body to detect sudden changes in environment and relay this information to brain

Vascularity allows us to regulate body temperature and blood pressure

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Subcutaneous layer

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deep to integument also called hypodermis, consists of areolar and adipose tissue, drugs often injected in this area because highly vascularized and allows for rapid absorption

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Men

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accumulate a thicker subcutaneous layer in neck, upper arms, abdomen, lower back and buttocks

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Women

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accumulate a thicker subcutaneous layer in breasts, buttocks, hips, thighs

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Nails

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scalelike modifications of stratum corneum, forms on dorsal edges of fingers and toes, protection of distal tips of digits

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Hair

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found almost everywhere in body except the palms of the hands, palmar surface of the fingers, sides and soles of feet and toes, lips, and portions of external genitalia

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Hair bulb

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epithelial cells originates in dermis

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Hair papilla

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small amount of ct, blood vessels and nerves

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Root

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deep to skin surface

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Shaft

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extends beyond skin surface

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Hair matrix

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base of hair bulb

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Medulla-

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remnant of soft core of matrix, has flexible soft keratin

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Cortex

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layers of flattened cells

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Cuticle

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single layer of flattened cells

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Hair follicle

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surrounds the hair root

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Arrector pili

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smooth muscle (goosebumps

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Functions of Hair

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protection, heat retention, sensory reception, visual identification, chemical signal dispersal

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Protection

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example: hair on head protects scalp from sunburn

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Heat retention

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hair on head prevents loss of conducted heat from scalp

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Sensory reception

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hair associated with tactile receptors and can detect light touch

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Visual identification

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important in determining age, sex and identifying individuals

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Chemical signal dispersal

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hairs helps disperse pheromones, chemical signals involved in attracting members of opposite sex

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Hair Color-

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genetically determined differences in structure of melanin, with age melanin production decreases and this leads to gray hair, no melanin production at all results in white hair

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Alopecia

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thinning of hair

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Male pattern baldness

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baldness in a specific region

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Sweat glands

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merocrine, apocrine

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Merocrine-

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most numerous, simple tubular glands, discharge secretions directly onto surface of skin via exocytosis, sweat ( 99% of water, 1% other chemicals such as electrolytes, metabolites, waste products), major function in thermoregulation

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Apocrine

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coiled, tubular, release secretion into hair follicles in axillae, around nipples, pubic region and anal region via exocytosis, secretion viscous and cloudy contains proteins and lipids that are acted upon by bacteria which in turn produces the odor, begin activation during puberty

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Sebaceous glands

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holocrine glands produce sebum discharged into hair follicle, sebum (has some bactericidal properties) acts as a lubricant to keep skin from drying

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Mammary glands

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modified apocrine sweat glands both males and females have them but only become functional at pregnancy and lactation, produce milk

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Epidermis Functions

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protection, prevention of water loss, metabolic regulation, secretion and absorption, immunity

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Protection

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acts as a physical barrier, physical injury, trauma, chemicals, UV rays

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Prevention of water loss

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water resistant and prevents water loss, prevents leakage, upon burns one of the major concerns is dehydration

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Metabolic regulation

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vitamin D synthesized by keratinocytes when exposed to UV, through a series of reactions and transportations it is converted to calcitriol an important hormone for calcium absorpt

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Secretion and absorption

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sweating excreting waste products (water, salt, urea) electrolyte homeostasis, absorption of estrogen in birth control patch,

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Immunity

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immune cells within epidermis initiate immune response against pathogens

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Dermis Functions

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temperature regulation, and sensory reception

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Temperature regulation

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sweat glands and blood vessels during vasodilation and vasoconstriction

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Sensory reception

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numerous sensory receptors detect heat, cold, touch, pressure and vibration

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Damaged tissue can be repaired in two ways either by

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regeneration or fibrosis

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Wound healing stages

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1. Cut blood vessels initiate bleeding into wound bringing clotting proteins and leukocytes

2. Temporary blood clot forms and acts as barrier against pathogens, internally macrophages and neutrophils clean wound of cellular debris

3. Blood vessels regenerate and grow in wound (granulation tissue) macrophages begin to remove clot, fibroblasts produce new collagen fibers

4. Epithelial regeneration of epidermis epithelial cells divide connective tissue replaced by fibrosis

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Burns

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major cause of accidental death, cause by heat, radiation, harmful chemicals, sunlight or electrical shock

Immediate threats upon burns is dehydration and infection

Classified based on depth of tissue involvement

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First degree burns

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only damage to epidermis, redness, pain, example sunburn

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Second degree burns

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damage to epidermis and part of dermis, skin appears red, tan or white, severe sunburns or scalding from hot liquid or chemicals

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Third degree burns

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damage to epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer, caused by corrosive chemicals, fire, dehydration major concern

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Basal cell carcinoma

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most common, least dangerous, originates in stratum basale, treatment surgical removal of lesion

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Squamous cell carcinoma

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arises from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum, treatment surgical removal

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Malignant melanoma

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most deadly due to aggressive growth and metastasis, arises from melanocytes, treatment chemotherapy, radiation