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138 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Shelf Angles
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steel angle masonry construction/ pre cast,
supports weight of brick and transfers weight onto main structure fastened to steel |
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EIFS
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insulated cladding system exterior insulated finishing systems, provides exterior walls with insulated finish surface and water proofing, synthetic stucco
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Reasons Aluminum is choice for curtain wall
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1. protects agains self corrosion
2.accepts/holds a wide variety of materials 3. can be elaborately shaped fabricated by means of extrusion |
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extrusion can hold two things
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glass and solid panels
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curtain wall
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fastened to structure
hang floor to floor bears no vertical load |
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stick system
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curtain wall, assembled piece by piece of vertical panels (sticks)
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unit system
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type of curtain wall
prefabricated sticks made into units faster to install, low cost |
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panel system
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series of panels (vertical support), prefabricated
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column covered spandrels
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covering structure
allows for open aluminum glass windows for open floor plan, framed |
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10 Goals of Exterior Cladding
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primary
keep out water 2 preventing air leakages 3. controlling light controlling radiation of heat controlling conduction of heat control sound secondary 7 resisting wind pressure 8 controlling water vapor 9. adjusting to movement 10 resisting fire |
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basics of rain screen design
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made of metal panels made of sheet metal
system of internal drainage, have pressure equalized chamber to push water out usually unsealed |
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uni-street
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part of glass panel system
hold and engage spring loaded kung attach to water shield stone siding |
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metal siding profile
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powder coated PBU-does not rust
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basics of sheet metal
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flat, rolled metal
less than 1/4" thick cut into lots of shapes fastened with rivets and sheet metal screws |
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guages
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measurement of thickness
larger gauge thinner metal |
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Butyl Tape
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synthetic rubber
waterproof tape seals metal joints |
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how to fastened sheet metal
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rivets (already punched holes)
sheet metal screws (no holes needed) |
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nails vs screws (sheet metal)
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nails allow for expanding/contracting of the material
more expensive but hold pieces together tighter can be readjusted |
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top of wall membrane (important functions)
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rubber roof membrane
run around side and under termination bar folded to resist water |
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termination bar
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plastic strip support vertical membrane
helps with drainage roof membrane runs under |
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Fibermix: how is it used?
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reinforced concrete panels
joined through shiplap joints birdhouse uses it increase structural integrity fibers can be glass synthetic |
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house wraps
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weather resistant barricks
prevents water from going in vapor can go in synthetic |
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weather barricks
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outer most part of building envelope
keeps water lair out and insulates building paper and flashing |
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Tyvek
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synthetic fiber blocks moisture out but vapor can pass through
can't tear but cut staple in place |
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Building Paper
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made from Kraft paper
saturated in waterproofing asphault prevent wind, then moisture; usually in 2 layers one larger can be wet multiple times to protect wood |
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Panel Sealants
Gunnable sealant |
used to seal stone or precast joints
sticky and viscous use a gun to apply to surface |
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low range sealants
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caulks for minor cracks
not used on exterior walls put on before painting |
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medium range sealants
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rubber/acrylic
seals non working joints will shrink a bit |
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high range sealants
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site mixed
chemical cure with silicone can be stretched but return to original size |
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Two factors for quality
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cures
flexibiliity |
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gaskets: what/how
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strips of fully cured rubberlike materials
can be used for different purposes *compressed to joint or sealed |
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solid sealants (perform solid tape)
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solid sealant material
only used in lap joints (mounting glass) overlap two sheets of metal adhered to both sides must be applied to one side before assembly |
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backer rod (rule of thumb)
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flexible compressible strip of plastic foam
inserted into joint to limit depth to which sealant can penetrate |
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Stucco: Basics
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spread concrete on exterior walls
made of portland cement sand water and lime prone to cracking best installed as a rain screen or double barrack |
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3 Coat Real Stucco
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1. Scratun coak rake engage to fill in spaces
2. Brown Coat: engage roughness of rake (leave rough finish) 3. finish : smooth/gloss finish steel trowel |
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Structural Glass Channels
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bear loads with glass
Aluminum frame (top to bottom) thermal breaks between glass |
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butt joints
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two membrane are joined by butting them together; simplest but the weakest
can be reinforced by screws |
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Aluminum Storefront Sets (3)
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1. protect self from corrosion
2. can hold a variety of surfaces 3. can be fabricated into any shape |
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spider fitting
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point supported structural glass
can provide frameless look |
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Thermal Break: storefront
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components on aluminum storefront designs that isolate aluminum on interior from exterior
retard passage of heat through wall or window assembly low thermal conductivity |
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transparent vs translucent
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transparent: light passes through
translucent: not completely clear, but enough to let light pass through |
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Glazing: basics
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not just glass
-part of a wall or window that is made of glass types : float or tempered can be double or tripled |
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visual transmittance
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measure of how much light passes through a window; range 0-1
important to decide coating on windows to protect against UV rays |
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Solar heat gain coefficient
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amount of sun allowed into building and when; max solar heat gain in winter
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U-factor
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insulating value of glass
smaller U factor the better at reducing heat |
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low E glass
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coated with microscopic metallic layers to reflect and absorb sun's warmth
2 or more panes coated filled with gas to insulate protect from UV rays |
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Fire Rated Glass
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assigned to keep smoke out
wire frame | support to keep form from breaking lasts from 20 minutes to three hours |
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Laminated heat strength
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structural
triple laminated heat strengthened glass |
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Laminated Glass advantages
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thin layers of plastic between each sheet
can be annealed or heat strengthened *breaks into webs-plastic holds it example: windshields -barriers of sound (safety glazing) |
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tempered glass
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used as safety glazing
stronger than heat and annealed used for frameless glass doors cutting must be done before treated |
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heat strengthened glass
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twice as strong as annealed glass
not a safety glass -puts permanent compressive strengths -good for windows exposed to high wind pressures |
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annealed glass (limiting factor)
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slowly cooled
most common type limiting factor: breaks into [dangerous] large shards |
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masonry: efflorescence-what happens:
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on bricks
calcium from portland cement leaves residue |
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masonry: how are brisk cleaned
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cleaned with acid and water
known as finishing surface if not cleaned, aggregate leaves residue |
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masonry: weep holes and moisture
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drain any moisture that might collect in cavity between masonry and sheathing
ropes every three holes decay but holes remain |
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masonry: galvanized ties
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prevents corrosion|lasts longer
must use same material for ties and fasteners to prevent weird chemical reactions |
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masonry effects of flashing
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line of defense for moisture
in a cavity wall, collecting and diverging of it |
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masonry: solar driven moisture
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water vapor stored in masonry walls can be driving into sheathing
results in condensation masonry veneers w/o drainage or ventilation solve; use air gap membrane |
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stucco: troughs and finishes
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scratum coat rake
steel trough rough and smooth surfaces |
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stucco: determine edges and turning corners
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casing bead: termination of stucco
corner bead: outer edge come in both directions to control impact of shrinkage |
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reinforced stucco
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lattice nailed to sheathing
30 lbs of building paper |
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Thermo-Plastic roof (types)
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self sticking
can be heat welded together -two types: TPO and PVC -white in color to help avoid heat islands |
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advantages of Green Roofs
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keeps roof structure cool
insulate protect roofing membrane mediate storm runoff absorb CO2-emit Co2 make roof usable space |
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disadvantage of Green Roofs
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maintenance exposure to risk potential
weather damage -extra structural demands |
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advantages of green WALLS
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acts as bio filters cleaning the air
breaks down volatile organic compounds absorb CO2--emit O2 keeps envelope absorb sound |
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Disadvantage of green WALLS
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maintenance
exposure risk potential water damage extra structural demands |
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intensive roof
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park like
can grow trees and shrubs soil 6-15" deep needs nearly flat surface 2/12 |
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extensive roof
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shallow soils system
plants 6" or less relatively maintenance free can be built on slopes 8/12 or 33 degrees |
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bay plants and plant selection
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also known as green blocks
filled with engineered soil punch holes and grow out of bags |
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green facades
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grown from ground and attach wall
can cover parking garages |
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R Value and U Value
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R: measure of thermal resistance
-want higher R value (R 30) V: how building conducts heat -want low U |
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Mineral Wool Insulation
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made with fibers does not need paper to hold it together
more freedom for vapor barrier installed through friction must be a tight fit |
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Cellulose FIber insulation (ways to instal)
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recycled news paper
has fire and insect repellant 2ways to install -dry blown fills cavity and settles - wet sprayed no settling needs to breath |
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spray foam insulation
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dense and high R value
no air movement through wall expensive seals permanently against leaks expands then trimmed |
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rigid board installations
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fastened to walls roof or foundation
high R values easy to install can be in contact with earth BUT combustible * good for low slope roofs |
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Vapor Diffusion and Air transport
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VD: movement of moisture in a vapor state through a material
AT: transportation of vapor occurs when water passes over a building envelope |
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Air Barrier and flow retarders
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plug holes
become a sealed boundary for both interior and exterior |
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Windows (frame, jamb, stops....)
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Frame-trim around
jamb-structural sides header/lintel: top of frame stop: trim inside jamb sill: allows water to slide off apron: under sill of window (interior) sash: holds panes in frame glazing: glass member |
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Window types (fixed, single hung ...)
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fixed: stationary
single hung: one sash moves (top sash fixed) double hung: both sashes move sliding on a track: moves left and right casement: opens like a door (swings) awning: hinge at top hopper: hinge at bottom skylight: fixed opening roof window: operable skylight |
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nailing fin
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rests outside sheathing and window
fastened into wall |
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steps on windows (5)
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1. house wraps applied and openings cut at window
2. still moisture barrier wraps sides of opening and over building wraps 3. window placed into opening leveled nailed into place through nail flaps 4. sides sealed w/ moisture barrier over flaps 5. head of window sealed over plate and under paper |
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Roof Types (gable, hipped...etc)
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Gable: symmetrical (triangle)
Hipped: cut off at end (trapezoid) Gambrel: like a trapezoid but with an extra angle at the top center salt box: high pitch roof (similar to gable but much higher) shed: high to low (slanted) monitor: spaces for daylighting half monitor: studio for light Gothic: kick at the end butterfly: split in the middle vaulted |
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how water is removed from roof
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external drains at perimeter (exterior)-gutters/scuppers
building drains (interior) |
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Yankee Gutters
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integrated gutters
built in trim, down spouts will drain copper lead flashing |
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standing seam roofs
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structural: can be used for low pitches
non structural: uses plywood sheathing -ice water shield - vent coups |
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components of standing seam roofs
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sheet metal folded into (u)
sealed at vertical risers at seams |
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steps of standing seam roofs
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1.cleats are secured to sheathing
2. metal pans dropped between cleats 3. seamed together |
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roof venting/ ice dams (4 factors)
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to avoid build up of moisture or mold
-four factors -climate -insulation type -building type -construction type help avoid ice dams |
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eave/rake edges
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eave edge-horizontal edge that sticks out past exterior wall at bottom that slopes
rake highest point -perimeter edge that extends between the ridge and eave |
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edge/valley flashing
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eave/drip edge and rake edge flashing
valley eave /rake edge and valley that seals to seams together |
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ringle membrane roofs
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one layer for roofing and drainage
1/2" fill at under payment set with flat plate fastened with membrane washers more elastic and less prone to cracking |
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spandrel
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space between 2 areas and a rectangular enclosure
can be left open with steel construction |
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nanogel
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insulation in system for space shuttle
lightest man-made substance on earth can be between panels translucent used as thermal insulation |
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windows: mullions muntins lights
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mullions: structural dividers in curtain wall
muntins: non structural members light: division of glazing units |
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clad wood windows
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wood frame w/ aluminum
not as attractive but can be painted pine: interior metal: exterior used because finding wood w/out knots is rare |
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rough opening
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part of setting a window
needs to be bigger than unit |
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doors components (frame..etc)
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frame:members framing opening
casing trim: rough opening stop: keep door from swinging all the way through jamb: structural side of door |
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swing door: latern set, strike plate..etc
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latern set: knob (keyed, lock passage)
strike plate: where door stops and closer: pull door close hinge: fastened to jamb and door to swing weather stripping: keep moisture/air out |
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passage doors: right v left
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put back to jamb ad push towards direction
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panic hardware
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also known as crash bar
bar across door that is spring loaded when activated unlatches door for an easy exiting from room/building |
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slope of roof v pitch (ratio)
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vertical rise per foot of horizontal run
6/12= 6' of rise per foot |
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complications of drainage
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how to clean/keep freezing ice build up out
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gutter and screens
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k-style is most common
screens metal to keep leaves out of gutters so they don't clog things up |
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pop rivets
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used to secure sheet metal
must use a pop rivet gun |
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shingles: types
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asphault shingle roofing
architetcutural asphault shingles wood, shod |
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starter strip
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has tabs cut off
reversed like others to look finished |
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containerized systems
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regionally appropriated
plants in trays covering membrane roof trays have soil in them |
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root barriers
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stop roots from penetrating roof
green roofs cannot by asphalt or built up bio Barrack--releases chemical to stop roots |
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Growing medium elements (engineered soil
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soil mix to support plant growth
cannot be top soil (too heavy) dry out fast between rains -organic: clean top soil, compost, manure -inorganic: slay, clay, lighter to hold moisture |
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Fire Barracks
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prevents fires from spreading
36" wide walkways to create firebreak limitation of plants keep moisture high in winter |
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National Parks Service
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secretary of interiors standard for treatment of historical structures
regularize historical preservation |
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restoration, rehabilitation, reconstruction
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restoration: depicts a period of time in building's history and removes evidence from other periods
rehabilitation: modernizing a building while protecting|retaining property's historic character reconstruction: recreates entire structure or missing portions in a manner for interpretive purpose |
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Period of Significance
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period where building is important, restoring-remove everything not involved in that period
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Historic Lime Plaster
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oldest known type of mortar
-might have used horse hair as reinforcement -good for working with soft stone -was replaced by portland cement |
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Underpinning foundation
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giving foundation support
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epoxy:parts and liquid
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used to refurbish wood
historic preservation restores its strength for future repairs |
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tuck pointing
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using 2 contrasting colors in brick work
ex. white fillets with dark mortar |
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fiber glass insulation
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easy installations
paper extends beyond fiberglass need few tools (staple gun) not cut square- cause gaps |
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impermeable materials
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measured in 'perms'
1 or less is impermeable Don't let moisture through ex. glass, rubber, kraft paper, oil based paints |
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semi-permieable materials
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let moisture and vapor through easily
ex lumber, unsealed masonry |
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permeable materials
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let moisture and vapor through easily
ex lumber, unsealed masonry |
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exposed duct work
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working in standard sites
workmanship must be better than concealed work |
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flexible duct work
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insulated wire reinforced ducts
can be woven into building structure |
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square duct work
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heed cubic feet and what velocity
determines how big of an air handler, direct work, heat/cool harder to install |
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HVAC: electrical components
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panelboards transformers circuits
-transformers: break down poet from cit panel boards: contain circuits for all needs of building |
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plumbing: main supply hot / cold stop valves
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main supply: shut off water from outside for repairs
hot/cold for temp. water stop valve: at fixtures to shut off for repair |
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exterior hose bips
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location for H2O to go outside
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plumbing: main drain, clean out, vent stacks
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main drain: drains all fixtures and leaves to sewer
clean out: clean out for roots and st..? clogging. must be accessible vent. stacks: bring air in through roof to get water to flow smoothly |
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passive irrigation
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water put in tanks draw moisture as needed
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active irrigation
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water/moisture circulation constantly
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closed irrigation
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recycling moisture
circulates through add fresh water only when needed uses less water |
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open irrigation
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fresh water to system all the time
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living wall
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support growing medium
plants grow out of wall containers/structural support |
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structure of green walls (take into consideration)
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structure needs to be able to hold saturated weight system irrigation plants, etc
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vegiculture wall
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vertical garden
grow edible products on walls |
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monoculture vs. polyculture
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mono: uses on plant
-not ideal: if pathogen gets into it, whole wall/facade dies poly: multiply kinds of plants used -most common |
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sedum
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stone crops: hardy need little h2o
can be annuals, herbs shrubs 5 petal water storing leaves turn brown when low on h2o |
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Hydrophonic plants
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grown inside
get nutrients from H2o no soil needed |
